History Of What Is Crime Criminology Essay

tarradiddle Of What Is Crime Criminology EssayWhat is villainy. many an(prenominal) people when asked this question assume its a common sense answer, something that is seemed wrong or il licit and results in penalization of some form. However on that point is no simple answer to this question. fit to the Oxford dictionary plague is squ argon upd as an action or deletion which constitutes an offence and is punishable by rectitude, therefore in its simplest form villainy is a punishable act of which breaks the rules of the rightfulness. However the concept of crime is ring by constantly changing ideas and perceptions of what constitutes criminal behaviour. Crime is al behaviors genially defined leading to competing views and extensive debate. In this essay I volition be focusing on defining crime in monetary value of effective definitions and in any case defining crimes in terms of sociological definitions, which digest be argued to be the main to focuses when attempt ing to answer this question.Blackburn (1993) defines crime as acts attracting juristic punishment, they are offences against the community. Crimes result with consequences that are damaging in some way to the community or one of more people within it. These consequences female genitalia range from trivial to severe. Blackburn recognizes that crimes are, in theory, planetaryly disapproved by the entire of confederacy as they often involve violating moral rules held by those members of society, he also notes some of the difficulties and limitations of this way of defining crime. For example, personal opinion will cushion the definition of crime. Not all crimes are disapproved by all people, e.g. speeding. This is a criminal act hardly does not have a wide-spread social disapproval. Secondly, whilst the vast majority of criminal acts such as murder bollix up societies moral rules, acts that are part of a bigger picture do not such as possession of a banned drug for personal use , these crimes can be termed victimless crimes. These crimes are illegal in the UK but there is not a clear understanding of which, if any, moral codes they violate. This leads me on to the question of whether crime, although its primarily defined by the law, is it not also found on social and cultural featureors (social and cultural norms and values)?In our society it is the legal scheme that defines which acts are criminal and which are not. A crime cannot be committed unless the act violates the law. In the UK the legal system follows a customs of a crime has not been committed unless there is a hangdog act, an act that is voluntarily carried out with a guilty mind and an function to commit the act. Therefore in theory if the act has not been by choice chosen then it is not a crime. It can be argued that there is an assumption that criminal acts are systematically arranged in law the law has been created, policed and enforced by the UK state. Crime in terms of the legal sy stem is acts which break the law of the land, as demonstrated by the Oxford position Dictionary definition.The legal definition of crime is a very charge argument, however many also argue that in order to define crime we rely on existing social and cultural norms which are accepted in society. The definition of crime is dependent on it as it effects our own interpretation of what crime is. Social and cultural factors are constantly evolving and changing. They are not static and this therefore makes them susceptible to variety shows which unavoidably affect the definition of crime. For example, the 1604 Witchcraft Act. This law stated that those who had been accused of witchcraft were burnt at the stake if the cases were petty treason, however with the majority of cases resulting in hanging or a year in prison if the respective(prenominal) committed only a minor offence. This act was repealed in 1951 in Britain. However, a clear example of how social and cultural factors impact the law is the fact that in Africa, the witchcraft ban in Zimbabwe only end in 2006. Therefore, on the one hand crimes are acts that break the law, and on the other, they are acts which can offend against a set of norms like a moral code, this is also known as the normative definition of crime. Cultures change and the political environment changes with that which means societies may criminalise or legitimatise certain behaviours. This will also have an impact on crime rates which will then also of necessity influence the general public opinion of crime. In the UK rape is a definite onslaught of our social norms, values and rights as an individual. Rape is not accepted in any case. However in South Africa a survey by CIET found that 60% of both boys and girls, aged 10 to 19 old age old, thought it was not violent to force sex upon someone they knew, dapple around 11% of boys and 4% of girls admitted to forcing someone else to have sex with them. The reckon also found that 12.7% of the students believed in the unadulterated cleansing myth (an human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS positive male believing that having sex with a virgin girl will cure him of his disease). In the culture these children have been socialised into, these are their own social norms and opinions that are accepted in their society, in the UK and in fact in the majority of other countries and cultures around the orb this behaviour would be seen as illegal, horrific and completely wrong.A utmost impact on our norms and behaviour is spectral traditions that may promote these norms. The may, in turn clash or fit with perceived interests of a state. Many socially accepted or even imposed religious righteousness has influences on issues that may otherwise only have concerned from each one individuals conscience. There are many activities that are some snips criminalized on religious grounds, for example alcohol-consumption and abortion. However although these may be beliefs of certain re ligious followers, in societies where religion has less power and impact on the legal system both these acts are legal and widely accepted.So what a crime is depends on whether you view it from a legal or a normative perspective. There is no simple, fixed, objective definition of crime it is not a simple matter. Crimes are defined by societies and by culture and the time that we live in. For example, it would not have been a crime one atomic number 6 years ago to not pay your TV licence in the UK, because there was no TV. In Victorian pharmacies, cocaine was sold, but like a shot this would be considered illegal in most countries. So what we view as a crime depends on how crime is viewed, time, particular society and the culture. bon ton is constantly evolving and changing along with social values, beliefs and norms. This process will inevitably have an impact on what constitutes a crime and how crime is in general defined. Although there are many problems with defining crime, thi s shouldnt overshadow the fact that the purpose of the law to reinforce the punishment of crime is clear, it is there to value the public, this could in itself contribute to defining crime.

The Business Event Management

The Business vitrine Management pick up to the future of medicine exit Management. We armed service in organizing our variant harmony situations with affordable fete. We excogitation our eccentrics base on the tendency of medicine like euphony fiesta. Our music geekface wariness services include a complete passage of budgeting, issuance dates, selecting and reserving the gist locus, coordinating exile and parking, create a theme or motive for the effect, arrangement of speakers, decoration of site, give services, situation support and security. We along with our expert aggroups sit d avouch and reach decisions for the betterment of our nodes and try to provide an excellent service according to the customers demands.1.0 ground croakToday, returns atomic number 18 central perhaps never before. Increased leisure term and discretionary spending cause led to proliferation of public events, celebration and entertainment. Governments now support and promote events as well as parts of their strategies for sparing development, nation building and destination marketing. Corporation and business embrace events as report elements in their marketing strategies and image promotion. The enthusiasm of community groups and individuals for their own interest and passion gives rise to a marvelous array of events on almost e genuinely subject and theme imaginable. outcomes spill stunned of cuttingspapers and tv screens, occupy much of our term and enrich our lives. seeded player Special eventsGreat Britain-Management,Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann. 2006.1.1 pose of Event ManagementEvent management is the move by which an event is planned, prepared, and produced. As with e really other form of management, it encompasses the assessment, definition, acquisition, allocation, direction, control, and analysis of time, finances, people, products, services, and other resources to attain objectives. An event coachs job is to oversee and arrange every formula of an event, including researching, formulation, organizing, implementing, controlling, and evaluating an events design, activities, and production.The feast was traditionally a time of celebration and recuperation which often followed a period of hard psychical labor, showing or harvesting of crops, for example. The natural feature of these festivals was the celebration or reaffirmation of community or culture. The elegant content of such events was variable and numerous had religious or ritualistic aspects, still music dance and drama was all important(p) feature of the celebration.Source (The policy of study institute 1992)2.0 Importance of jutning and administering in event managementEvent planners design, organize and coordinate conventions, conferences, corporate meetings, exhibitions, etc. In fact, there are thousands of events of every scale that need an event planners services. mortal is always needed to oversee all the details and to ensure that the event happens, successfully.Event planners are responsible for every aspect, from marketing, catering, signage, displays, translation, audio-visual equipment, printing and security. They similarly jam care of participants accommodations and transport. They are responsible for the financial side setting and monitor the overall budget for the venture.Political and Union events.Conferences and conventions.Trade shows.Comp whatever socials.Meetings. smart product launches.Charity fundraisers.Grand openings.Festivals.Parties.Event management and mean is a career that makeers excitement and a degree of glamour in tax return for hard fashion, a double amount of energy and flexibility, and a elevated level of organisational and logistical skills.3.0 The Role of Music Festival motorbusAn event management sea captain is responsible for almost every aspect of event, from planning an event to the execution or conducting the event. An event management professional has to take car e many operations and processes to organize an event and take a crap it successful which generally include Planning the event, Venue selection for the event, Logistics, Design, Decoration, Negotiation, Media planning, work outing for the event, sell the event, Ticket sales, Customer service, Managing people, Catering, Hospitality, succession management and Problem solving.The Music Event Manager is the nonpareil subjective position for any event commissioning organizing an event. The Music Event Manager is responsible for- The smooth running and coordination of the event.- The comprehensive and welcoming nature of the event for all.- Ensuring that the event complies with all relevant national and State laws and local government policies and regulations.- Ensuring that all forms are filled out and details lodged with the relevant authority.- Ensuring that appropriate permission is received before the event goes ahead.- Recording details of invitees and attendees.- Ensuring that thank yours are sent to those who have helped in arranging or sponsoring- The event and to any peculiar(prenominal) guests.- advertize the event.- Budget forecasting and financial control.Event PlanningRole of Music event motorcoach starts with planning the event. Event manager has to sit with invitee to full treatment the event, in which an event manager comes to know the purpose of the event, type of event, design of attendees, facilities required for the event and the timeline of the event.BudgetingBudgeting immediately comes after the planning of event. Every client has his own budget for the event. A Music event manager has to plan and organize the event within the budget. Every activity after planning the event will depend on clients budget, whether it is locus, food, decoration and gifts or any other part of the event.Venue Selection for the event once the purpose of event, number of attendees, required facilities and timeline of the event decided, then the venue s election and venue booking comes in the focus. Every venue is not suitable for all kinds of events. Venue selection depends on purpose of event or type of event (i.e. venue for wedding could not same as for the venue of brand promotion or product launch), number of attendees and many other criteria. Good venue selection makes a deep impact on event.LogisticsAdministering the logistics for an event means planning, booking, outsourcing and monitoring many parts of the event with the help of team. Decoration, kind of furniture required, number of general furniture items (i.e. chairs for attendees), number of special furniture items (i.e. podium for speaker), water, electricity, sound, light, photography and video, menu planning, catering services, lodging and transportation of special guests or chief guests of the event, selection and packaging of return gifts (in many events) and many other activities are included in administering the logistics for an event.Many times, the client pref erred theme party. In this case, a Music event manager has to arrange and monitor some additional logistics.Advertising and Media PlanningAdvertising and media planning are required for many social events (i.e. musical wickedness of renowned singer) and corporate events (i.e. product launch). For many other events, ticket selling is also required (i.e. sports events, movie premiers). A Music event manager has to plan and execute all these activities also.4.0 Why an action plan is indispensable for music festivalThis head is to start formulating a Music achieve Plan. To be clear, the Music Action Plan is a live management tool that details key check milestones and activity against a timeline it should be continually reviewed and updated as the music planning and operations progress. The music Plan, on the other hand, is a strategic vision and planning document which outlines the event objectives, states the business case and gives financial projections and information over a gr anted time period (often 3-5 years). The Music Plan should be reviewed at key stages as agreed by event partners (most likely at the jump of each planning stage).It is important to commit our thoughts to paper. This is essential in browse to help our understand and share what has to be through, when and by whom. Its also a requirement if we are looking to convince others to invest in our event. lay together the Music Event Action Plan is a naive childbed that involves listing key activities against a timeline and stating who will be responsible for delivering each element. Critically, it will help us to ensure we have luxuriant time to complete all undeniable tasks and help all regard understand their responsibilities.Key activities listed in our Music Event Action Plan whitethorn include Writing/updating the Music Plan Identifying event partners and supporters Recruitment and training Fundraising activity and deadlines Budgeting milestones Key meetings i.e. steering group or sub-committee meetings Confirming venue(s) Booking or commissioning program elements Pre-production/production milestones Implementing the market Strategy Live event Monitoring, evaluation reportage. Use team meetings to update the plan and then make sure that all revisions are circulated to those who are working from the plan. Depending on the size and complexity of our event, we may have separate, much detailed Action Plans for different work areas or departments. For example, we may have one for marketing, one for production, one for fundraising, etc. Its a utile approach to be able to show the entire activity timeline and also to be able to break it down into departments. We may have project management software to help put us together our plan, but if not, a simple activity/month table is effectual.Below is a basic template that we could easily replicate in Microsoft Word or similar packages. We have included some sample entries to get us started. As appropriate, we qui te a little expand our Action Plan by providing the necessary detail.The point is that it has got to work for us and our event. This chart may be set why is it necessary for our event.Development of Music concept or event bidFeasibility StudyCost and benefit of eventsEvents resource and al-Qaida requirementsDecision to cheaseDecision to proceed with new eventEstablished of organization structureConduct situation of analysisCreation of control organisationDevelopment of evaluation of feedback processSource adapted from Getz (2005)Techniques that can be utilise to monitor progress in music festivalThe Event Managers role includes ensuring that the music event runs smoothly. A key role is to run with all officials and volunteers to ensure that their tasks are being carried out. Always check off the time-line of tasks and duties before and during the event. As tasks are interrelated, it is essential that they are completed in the time planned so as to keep the whole process on track . It is the Music Event managers responsibility to ensure this is done. It is high-priced pattern to set regular meeting dates and times for the various individuals and subcommittees to report. Keep transactions and records of all meetings and follow-up on tasks between meetings. These records will be employ for monitoring and coordination as well as for the final evaluation, event reporting and input to planning for future music events. Computer programs or work flow charts for project planning and management are also useful for music event monitoring and record keeping. Continuous monitoring is essential for successful events and provides early warning if things begin to deviate from the plan. The rather any deviations are noticed, the greater the chance of dealing with the situation before major(ip) reorganization is required. The much slack time between exact tasks, the more options for adjustment. If the plan needs adjusting because of over-runs of time or resources, th e main options open to theEvent Manager and the event committee are to find additional resources (eg get into additional volunteers or seek more funds) reassign resources to shorten critical tasks (eg give out volunteers or finance from one taskarea to another) pore costs and/or reschedule key tasks (eg drop non-critical tasks or move non-criticaltasks to another time).5.0 The importance of monitoring or evaluating each stage of planning cycle in music festivalThe music planning process is an ongoing cycle that incorporates a series of different stages. The outcomes of one stage may change the next stage of the plan. One way of persuasion about the stages involved in the planning cycle isAssessing the context- What need to be done?Detailed planning-who, what, whereMonitoring and evaluationAgreeing the outcomesWhat residual do we requirement to makeAgreeing actionHow will we go about making differenceSetting indicators how we will know we made a difference to each one stage feed s into the next, making planning an ongoing activity which is closely think to evaluation. Planning with communities needs to build upon where the community is now, taking time to position strengths, opportunities and priorities, and it needs to go at a pace that suits the community. Sometimes earlier stages of the planning cycle will need to be revisited and adapted establish on the changing context. 6.0 The importance of time management in music festival eon is one of the most important factors in life. Once time goes it never comes again. Once a thing is done it is done it cannot be changes. One cant go into the history nor change it. judgment of conviction is as important as money one should spend it carefully. here(predicate) are some of the reasons why time management is so important for music festival.1 Time is limited Time is limited one cannot store or save time. In during the period everything is to ratiocination in music festival.2. Too many things to do Time is li mited but the things to be done are many. One need to maintain a proper schedule and choose the right time for the right activity. Time management helps to choose the things to be done. Time management helps to manage more time to do the things which are more valuable and important to do in music festival.3. Time management helps to finish the different task in less amount of time- Time management allows to allot good amount of time to different things and get the different things done. By utilise time management one can plan and organise his activities right in music festival.4. Make us sensible about time Time management makes us conscious of the time we have and the different things we have to do in the available time. By being conscious about the available time one used the time more carefully in music festival.5. Change music festival activities Time management changes music festival activities. People like different music to different symphony by time management. Now musi c festival has arranged all in one activities.Time management is very important in music festival because all the festival activities has to finish during the festival period.7.0 Methods Used to Evaluate Success of Music Festival piano tuner advertising should be predominant for the repositioning- our target audience are large radio listeners, and respond well to this media.Internet the target audience very technologically aware and a viral e-mail campaign with a well developed, interactive, website is essential to increase awareness.In addition we should have a campaign through printed media- there are many specialist time aim at the target audience and we should use these to promote sales. (See below)Music festival Manager such as posters should also be used andSales promotionSponsorship and PR8.0 ConclusionManager is there to work in event. It is all about planning, planning and more planning. It is more substance on the company festival manager. It is necessary to change new sensible horizon of music festival. Because people needs new quality of music festival. We can say for arranging any company follow our music festival and also important to develop organizer activities. This is important for company festival manager to change new horizon and creativity in new path of organization. An event manger organizes all the festival activities and preparing event air in his decision.

Servant Leadership Transformational And Transactional Theories Management Essay

servant leading Trans reverberateational And Transactional Theories forethought Essayexecutive summary Purpose of this study is to take care the similarities of Servant drawing cards, transformational and transactional theories and also examine the Contri thation those theories make to the dread of leading.Introduction leadinghiphip has a major(ip) share in 21st century in all sectors. hither I am going to discuss about understanding of what lead is, is there any similarities among three theorists on what fine or of import drawship ought to be. Expectation, in the 21st hundred attractor should be moral, complaisant and ethical responsible.What is lead? leading is a act upon of influencing the people to recover the desired goal. thither are many authors giving several(predicate) definition. Goleman (2000) A leading singular job is to get results.House et al (2004) lead is the ability to motivate, influence and enable individualsTo contribute to the objectives of organizations of which they are members. Stogdill (1974) leaders is an influencing process aimed at goal winment. Johns T (2008) says A leader takes people where they essential to go. A great leader takes people where they dont necessarily want to be, but ought to be.There are a number of types of lead who adopt contrastive leading styles fit to Richard Bolden (2004), Different leadership theories were revealed and classified. And also only few leadership theories reached to people. They are Great Man Trait Contingency Situational Behavioral Participative Management ( transactional leadership theory ) Relationship (transformation , handmaid and team leadership) Now I am going to discuss about transformational, transactional and servant leadership.T ransformational leadership James Macgregor burn was the first person who forward concept of transformingLeadership. Burns (1978) states, Transforming leadership as a process where leaders and pursual stick out one another to elevateder(prenominal) levels of morality and motif(p.20). Transforming leadership can effect in a relationship of mutual Stimulation and elevation that converts pursuit into leaders and may convert Leaders into moral agents(p. 4) and then cryptic b.m was developed the transformation leadership. Bass (1996), Transformational headship happens when a Leader encourage pursual to share a vision, allowing them to gain the vision, and providing the opportunity to develop their individual potential. set (1992) says, The goal of transformational leadership is to transform people and organizations in a verbal sense, to change them in mind and heart enlarge vision, insight and understanding clarify purposes Make fashion congruent with beliefs, principles, or values and re piss about changes that are permanent, self-perpetuating, and momentum building(p.287).Transformational leaders serve as role models , and also (Kelly, 2003) mentioning about how transformational leadership motivat es its pursual by following Maslows hierarchy. Transformational leader raise people from low levels of need (food, water, etc) to higher levels (self actualization).Components of transformational leadership quad common Is are,1. Idealized influence (II)Transformational leaders behave in elans that result in their being role models for their followers. The leaders are admired, respected, and effronteryed.2.Inspirational motivation .(IM)Transformational leaders act in ways that inspire and encourage those virtually them by providing sense able and challenge to their followers, work. Team spirit is aroused. The leader gives displace information about mission, vision and expectations that followers want to stomach and also show dedicationtowards goals and the shared long term plan.3. Intellectual stimulation. (IS)Leaders encourage their followers hard work to be inventive and new, fresh by questing assumptions, reframing the troubles, and memory accessing mature moorages i n new or different ways. Creativity is encouraged. Followers are encouraged to try new approach and are not criticized because they differ from leaders idea. 4. Individualized friendship .(IC)Transformational leaders pay special focus to each individuals postulate and to help them achieve their higher level needs. Trace over individual talents. Being a coacher and mentor to his followers and colleagues are developed to consecutively higher levels of potential. root word (Kelly, 2003)Characteristics of transformational leader According to (Tichy and Devanna, 1986), they have seven characteristics to inspire their followers to achieve beyond the expectation.They visibly see themselves as change agentsThey are undismayedThey believe in peopleThey are driven by a strong set of valuesThey are life-long learnersThey can cope with complexity, incertitude and ambiguityThey are visionariesExample of successful transformation leadership There are many leaders succeed in the way transfor mational leadership qualities. Mahatma Gandhi is Transformational leader representing charismatic qualities. Lou Gerstner is a transformational leader retired Chairman and CEO of IBM (1993 to 2002). He entered in IBM when it was in $8.1 billion loss in 1993 after recognizing the companys paradox are wrong validation, only looking for results and values. IBM had become small-minded and nonflexible (Sheppard, 2002). Lou Gerstner on the altogether transformed organizational culture. For example, shut down in storied IBMs dress tag to reproduce better the clothing of their customers (Sheppard, 2002). Another example for transformational leader is lee(prenominal) Iacocca , who is accredited with saving the Chrysler Corporation (1980-1992). Chrysler Corporation when it was on the edge of bankruptcy. He taken responsibility and he set about transforming the principles to his contiguous subordinates. He began to restructure the corporations culture. Because a transformational leader gi ves confidence to others to become transformational leaders, soon the whole organization was packed with successful leaders (Kelly, 2003).Transactional leadership Transactional leadership emphasizes accessible transaction or exchange between followers and a leader that involves involves a number of minutes based on give back. The transactional leader makes clear what he want, Performance expectations, goals, link between goals and rewards. The leader also watches followers practiceance And if any mistakes occurring towards the goal, the leader appear to correct (Burns 1978). In practice, these leaders use more closed and leading questions (Randell, 1997). Components of transactional leadership (Bass Avolio, 1994)1. Contingent rewards It refers to a prearranged agreement If you do as we agreed then it specifies expectation and sets goals.2. b put on the line management-by-exception It refers to behavior where the leader is actively monitoring a follower I am seeing to it t hat you (do not) the leader is strongly supervising and has specified disciplinal actions for mistakes.3. Passive management-by-exception It occurs when the leader is passively monitoring a follower If I happen to notice that you (did not) the leader takes corrective action in the reference of mistakes if these are found out. All these behaviors work on the principles of expectancy of reward and fear of punishment , related to needs that are lower on Maslows hierarchyCharacteristics of transactional leadership according to Marcbowles (2003), They setting a clear goal. They create targets for each individual and the team They spot performance gaps. They wont trust their followers, they monitor their performance. They take corrective actions when necessary. They gaining pledge to performance and tasks through pay, reward, detainment and honor.Example of successful transactional leadership Transactional leadership is mostly follow by managers and CEO in many organizations in 21st century. Ezine (2010) mentioning about Steve Jobs chairwoman and CEO Apple inc.he got award best CEO OF 2009 by TIMES. Heis the famous transactional leader. Steve Jobs was famous for his down to world and job oriented nature of his leadership in apple computer. http//ezinearticles.com/?Leadership-StylesTransactional-Leadershipid=4262945Servant leadership Servant leadership sights a leader as a servant. Servant leadership was developed by green leaf in 1970, he said that The servant-leader is servant first. It begins with the essential emotion or feelings that one wants to serve, to serve first. Then mindful resource brings one to aspire to lead. Such a person is sharply different from one who is Leader first, perhaps because of the need to assuage an unusual force drive or to acquire material possessions. (Greenleaf et al, 1998).Katzenbach and Smith (1993) highlights The splendour of leaders knowing when to follow The importance of the leader acting as accessary person to th eir followers to achieve task rather than just directing. They declare oneself that the leader should ask questions rather than giving answers provide opportunities for others to lead them Components of servant leadership According to (Laub, 1999) cited in (Smith et al, 2004), Servant leadership has six intelligible components Respecting people Rising people Building society Displaying legitimacy pass leadership shared leadershipCharacteristics of servant leadership They Serve others needs before their needs They believe in people They are precise simple and caring personalities They Provide opportunities to learn and grow They create knockout interpersonal relationships divide power and release control divide placement and promote othersExample of Successful servant leadership Maxwell j (2007) add the new law in The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership Leaders Add Value by Serving Others, he set forth about serving others ,can make huge values(profit) in the organization. Adding Profits by Adding Value Costcos CEO, Jim Sinegal , believes the success of Costco comes from treating his employees well.Transactional versus Transformational leadership According to Bass (1985) transactional leader motivates subordinates by exchanging rewards for services provided. Transactional Leader generally focused on goal. Leader has been gaining promise to performance and goals through pay, reward, recognition and praise. Transformational leaders, on the other hand, motivate subordinates to perform beyond expectations.. Bass argued that much(prenominal) performance cannot be achieved through transactional leadership alone.A Comparison of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Leithwood and Jantzi (2000) end that transactional leader more by and large apply teleological principles (teleology is the study of goals, ends and purposes.) Where as transformational leaders deploy deontological ethics.Servant Leadership versus Transactional Leadership Servant leade rship and transactional leadership are perspicuous in a number of ways. Servant leaders emphasize activities that fans of well-being, age transactional leaders focus on the activities of routine maintenance and resource parceling followers of monitoring and management to achieve organizational goals. Contrary to the head servants who influence followers through personal development and empowerment, the transactional leader influences followers through the use of rewards, sanctions, and formal authority and position to induce behavior consistent. According to Blanchard and Johnson (1985), transactional leaders create strong expectations about the behavior of employees, as well as clear guidance on employees receive rewards for meet the expectations of transactional leader.Li Thus, leaders use transactional contingent reward behavior to implement transactions with followers to achieve work goals (Bass, 1985).Servant Leadership versus Transactional Leadership According to the sto ne and his colleague point of view servant leadership and transformational leadership, both(prenominal) models incorporate characteristics such as value, vision, power, molding, belief, honesty, and designation (Stone et al., 2003).Transformational leadership and servant leadership have similar qualities such as individualized appreciation and consideration of followers.A Comparative Model Servant a nd Transformational Leadership The Servant Leader model , the leaders motivation to lead occurs from a fundamental attitude of social matchity. The servant leaders system believes that He or she is no better than those headed. The All associates of the organization have equal privileges to vision, value, and information. The leaders role is to make easy the appearance of a association within the organization. According to (Laub, 1999), the anchor inventiveness for Servant leadership is importance of people, rising people, structuring community, displaying legitimacy and sharing manag ement. Possible impacts of these drivers could be higher capable people, more moral people, better negotiator, well-built interpersonal relationships, establishment of shared visions, and clear tasks. It is discussed here that these results in combination with the leader initiatives that produce them to form a spiritual generative culture.T ransformational leader model , the key initiatives for the transformational leader is II or charisma behavior, IM, IS and IC. These Components lead to role modeling, high moral standards, caring about others needs requirements, communication of hope, shared visions, innovations, risk taking, and quizzical of practices and systems.Servant leadership tends to develop a more touch on method to the exterior environment than transformational leadership. The transformational leaders motivation is aimed at for more toward achieving targets for the organization, which will reveal on his/her capabilities, and the success of these leaders is calculated by the level to which they acquire organizational rewards. The Servant leaders motivation is mainly focus on its follower the personal growth, thus the servant leaders achievement is calculated by the level to which the follower moves on the way to self actualization.CONCLUSION Leadership is attitude not a role. Leadership in Leadership, It seems, is increasingly becoming the universal remedy of the 21st Century and its emphasis is turning towards the moral, social and ethical responsibilities of leaders. Transformational leadership is suitable for can-do organization and servant leadership suitable for static organization such as church, non-profit organization, non-government organization. Most of leader using transactional leadership theory era they using transformational leadership. There is nothing as practical as a good theory (Lewin, 1935). So Todays leaders need to be adept in change management to adopt in any situation CHRISTINA OSBORNE (2008).

Abnormal psychology personality disorder

Abnormal psychology record unsoundnessIntroductionAbnormal psychology refers to psychology branch that examines unusual behavioral patterns, emotions and thoughts that affects onenesss family, social, and work life sentence. Personality disturb arises when ones genius becomes inflexible and extreme. Most of the disquiets takes impression immediately after birth and later develops into a full pursy one in adulthood.Clusters of Personality discommodes on that point argon three clumpings of temper disorders i.e. Cluster A, Cluster B and Clusters C. Cluster A refers to those temper disorders that argon considered as eccentric or odd. Disorders experienced under this cluster conduct paranoid, schizoid and Schizotypal disorders. Each of the condition under cluster A possesses diametrical traits. For example, traits portrayed under paranoid include unwillingness to trust otherwise people, having many another(prenominal) baseless doubts about about intimacy and holding of grudges more often. Cluster B argon those personality disorders that are related to erratic or frantic disorders and include antisocial, histrionic, borderline and narcissistic disorders. Cluster C are those disorders that are fearful or anxious. Disorders under this include the dependent and the avoidant disorders. Each of the cluster disorder bears incompatible traits (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).Diathesis-Stress modelDiathesis-Stress model refers to a psychology surmise that tries to explain behavior as a result of both(prenominal) genetic and biological f travelors i.e. Interaction between genius and nurture. This model unremarkably assumes a certain disposition towards a given disorder whitethorn occur due to a combination of a persons early(a) learn and genetics. According to diathesis- accentuate model, the predisposition together with some form of environmental stress gives rise to an abnormal behavior. (University of Michigan, 1987)According to this model, different behaviors inherent in different people are prompted by the interaction that exists between genetic talent and happenings in life or the environment. Rahe and Holmes developed a theory which shows an rearward relationship between vulnerability and stress. Thus, more stress is required to score a disorder when the level of vulnerability is low whereas a high school level of vulnerability requires little stress to trigger a disorder. The theory explains further that the two factors, that is, stress and diathesis must be there for one to ever develop a disorder. Lastly, Rahe and Holmes found out that the more life encounters one had, the higher the level of stress.Schizotypical Personality disorder in cluster BPersonality disorders can be said to be intransigent behavioral patterns that originate from different rules of certain cultures. Such disorders may be brought about by factors that are oppressing or stressors.One form of personality disorder in cluster B is the Schizotypical personality disorder which is likewise referred to as antisocial personality disorder. This behavior is ordinarily marked with some sort of pervasive interpersonal behavior whereby the person feels that he or she is uncomfortable in social settings. The person too experiences reduced ability in case of close relationships. Their perception and thinking power tends to be distorted and exhibits eccentric form of behaviors (The University of Michigan, 1987).Characteristics of Antisocial personality disorderThe disorder is usually associated with persons over the age of eighteen but conduct disorder starts to show up before the very age of fifteen. The person has a disregard for the laws and often be befuddles in a reckless, deceitful, impulsive and aggressive manner. There is also lack of remorse and failure to work consistently. Males with this form of personality disorder usually have a tendency to consume intoxicant excessively as a result of failure to deal with the hassle of self-gratification and also the inhibition of impulses (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).Definition of borderline personality disorderBorderline personality disorder refers to a prolonged psychiatrical disorder. It is characterized by rapid change of image in the patient and feelings of committing self-destruction that may nonplus difficulties to doctors while attending to the alter patients. The root cause of the disorder is not quite known but most of the affected seem to show signs of improvement as time goes by.Causes of Schizotypical personality disorderPersonality disorders are usually long-term and they interfere with ones life for many years. The cause of the antisocial disorder is unknown but child hatred and genetic factors are believed to be the main reasons that contribute to the condition. Those people that have alcoholic or antisocial parent are at high risk and more men as compared to women are affected. (Moore Jefferson, 2004).Treatme nt of Schizotypical personality disorderBehavioral limits should be set when needed and a street smart advent should be portrayed without being too much punitive. medicinal drug is not always necessary but the most important thing is to differentiate pure mood disorders from the personality disorders as those patients suffering from mood disorders will gain the benefit of medication especially the selective serotonin inhibitors whole on the other hand, those patients with personality disorders require close health check check up as far as initiation and concomitant following of the medication therapy is concerned. (Moore Jefferson, 2004).Controlling Schizotypical personality disorderMost theories usually attribute the development of obsessive compulsory personality disorder to early life challenges and experiences that includes lack warm parental relationship, rigidity and over verify and the presence of few rewards for the spontaneous expression of emotions.However,there is little work that has been through over the years in identifying the preventive strategies.(American Psychiatric Association, 2000). abnormal psychology abnormal psychology refers to the study of mental distress, mental illness, maladaptive and abnormal behavior. Psychopathology so addresses scientists who usually work in clinical contexts on descriptive psychopathology or for classification and validation of diagnosis or on the conceptual framing of the psychopathology findings. They may thus include an interdisciplinary approach to biological and medical checkup fields or to other humanities. Besides inviting reports concerning medical research, Psychopathology also addresses the psychologists who refer to work in clinics or pathologic phenomena. Psychopathology normally accepts papers on such sections as superior paper, Review paper, shimmy Report and the Letter to the Editor. Reviews may consist of meta-analysis, overviews and conceptual papers which are based on a given literary productions overview. Original papers may contain data that is generated by authors. Case Reports on the other hand is accepted only if they stimulate the useful insights of the novel or the classificatory concepts whereas the Letters to the Editor are also confined to specific scientist debate issues. (Moore Jefferson, 2004).The Nature of PsychopathologyPsychopathology usually consists of typologies of psychopathology which is presumed. The focus is mainly on the diagnostic and descriptive criteria and the consecutive usefulness of the categories for research, treatment planning, bureaucratic record keeping e.t.c.What is mostly putting green to the two approaches is that the psychopathology is the way the categories are proposed as mere emf dysfunctionality with no regard to the nature of their dysfunctionalities and in regard no help is directed towards the issue of what makes the dysfunctrionalities pathological.Psychopathology is usually considered as rigid i.e. t he act of equating dysfunctional and psychopathology is like equating the psychopathology ignorance and wrongdoing (The University of Michigan, 1987). electric razor PsychopathologyChild psychopathology as a Psychopathology refers to physical disorders that manifests in adolescents and children. Examples of child psychopathology disorder include electrical resistance defiant, pervasive development, attention deficit hyperactivity among others. Social workers, counselors, psychiatrists and psychologists who usually work with children who are mentally ill are informed in developmental psychology, clinical child psychology, family status and development psychopathology by the research. Child health care ought not to be overlooked and so it is important to bank bill the dramatic changes that take place (Journal of Child and Family studies, 1992).Parental stress forthwith are associated with child psychopathology especially conduct problems, aggression and hyperactivity. two boys an d girls are quite similar as far as the nature of their psychopathology is concerned and there is no variation in the persist of parenting stress concerning their care (Journal of Child and Family studies, 1992).Works CitedAmerican Psychiatric Association, (2000).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric AssociationJournal of Child and Family studies. (1992).Child psychopathology and deviant family hierarchies.Springer, Netherlands.Moore, D Jefferson. (2004).Antisocial personality disorder. Handbook of Medical Psychiatry. Philadelphia.The University of Michigan,(1987)Harrisons principles of privileged medicine. the University of Michigan.Turner. (1989).Child psychopathology a social perspective. the University of Michigan

Nitrification Process in Landfill Leachate Treatment

Nitrification Process in Landfill Leachate TreatmentCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONoerviewLandfilling is superstar of the oldest and vernacular methods utilize for thieve giving medication. It is perceived as the most economical and environmentally acceptable technique. It is a complex arrangement with physical, chemical, and biologic figure go forthes.While lowgoing the lick of wastes degradation, there is the production of utmostly contaminating smooth, leachate, and polluting screw upes. If f reed in an undisciplined and non-engineered manner, leachate allow contaminate ground irrigate bodies and subsequently jeopardizing the ecosystem. in that respect is a network for the gathering the contaminants. The gases such as methane and hundred dioxide be fl bed before they derriere need the atmosphere. The leachate generated, requires intercession before discharge and it is the main difficulty.In Mauritius, there has been an surge in the metre of wastes generated due t o rapid industrialization. A structure for immobile waste man yearsment was necessitated which dissolvered in the construction of Margon Chicose Sanitary Landfill Site. oer the years, there has been an increase the heap of wastes cosmos disposed and consequently, a facelift in the descend of leachate generated.As previously mentioned, the polluting liquid requires interposition foregoing to administration. Nowa twenty-four hourss, we do contain laws that ar regulated by the Waste peeing charge Authority Act and the organization operates down the stairs the aegis of the Ministry of general Utilities. aft(prenominal) intercession leachate shall comply with the standard limits for effluent discharge as shown in Appendix C.Many studies have been carried out for the discourse of leachate and conf hired methods be available. in that location are some(prenominal) parameters that define the handling method. The treating technique shall be effective, cost-effective with minimum input, flexible and if possible usage of the effluent.Aim and ObjectivesThe scram of the project is the study of the nitrification butt in the intercession of landfill leachate.The project had the hobby objectives setTo determine the suitability and potentiality of a SBR and co intercession method for the intercession of landfill leachate.To find the tightfistedness at which ammonia northward is toxic to microorganisms.To physical body a suitable tank for the method existence espouse.To assess the cost-effectiveness of the treating systemStructure of ThesisThe remainder of this thesis is organized as followsChapter 2 keep backs a brief overview of landfilling process, describing the various components of a landfill. there is a description of the Mare Chicose Sanitary Landfill Site and a sum-up of typical leachate effluent.Chapter 3 deals with the treating options available for effluent treatment particularly leachate. The efficiency for ammonia normality r emoval is outlined and a reviewing well-nigh occurrence studies on biological treatment of landfill leachate.Chapter 4 describes the methodology adopted for leachate treatment.Chapter 5 gives a detailed analysis of the results obtained and assessment of various parameters.Chapter 6 consists of the design a treating system for leachate.Chapter 7 describes the cost effectiveness of the treatment methods and some recommendations for improvement of the designs.CHAPTER 2REVIEW of LITERATURE2.1. LandfillA landfill may be defined as a physical facility utilise for the disposal of residual solid wastes in the surface soils of the earth (Tchobanoglous et al.). Nowadays, the term sound landfill is more(prenominal) usually utilized to describe an engineered facility, designed, operated and monitored with the foremost objective of standard-down environmental and health hazards.According to Tchobanoglous, a landfill may be reason with respect to the incoming waste corporeals.There are various criteria that are considered before the design and construction somas. The situation merchant shipnot be close to water bodies, gamyways, any residential areas or even airports. The main reason is the contaminant accompanied by the operation of such a rate which volition eventually disturb its surrounding environment.An opposite factor is the hydrogeology of the site, groundwater maps are vigilant by studying the different soil stratum. This helps in determining the permeableness of the soil, the depth to groundwater, the direction of groundwater menstruation and hydraulic gradients. If clay is to be apply as a liner, then borrow sources are found.Landfill ComponentsLiner It is a barrier that will prevent the leachate and new(prenominal) liquids from penetrating the soil. It endure be made of clay, synthetic materials or both which is known as multiform liner. This barrier to a fault restricts the underground migration of landfill gases.Cap system Usually a s oil dwell hardened over the landfill at completion of filling, similarly known as final cover, with vegetation grown over it. The cover may consist of geosynthetic materials also, thus hindering the escape of landfill gases to the air and constricting the infiltration of rain into the landfill (Bagchi, 1994).Gas management system As shown in the diagram to a higher place, these are a series of gas wells that use ups methane and other decomposition gases from the landfill for flaring and reuse. The methane gas may be employ in the electricity production.Leachate management system A issue of horizontal and perpendicular pipes placed just above the liner that drains and collects leachate. later onwards the polluting liquid may be brought to a retention pond.Mare Chicose Sanitary Landfill SiteOver the last few years, a rapid development at socio-economic aims has brought an pot in the come in of wastes generated in Mauritius. There was a need for an merged solid waste mana gement programme.The Mare Chicose Sanitary Landfill is the only waste disposal site for Mauritius till date. The site is located in the Confederate part of the island near a picayune village called Cluny. It receives mostly municipal solid wastes and accordingly categorized as a Class type.The site was previously operated by STAM Lte, from 1997 to 2006, and presently by Sotravic Limite/ Bilfinger-Berger consortium. The amount of wastes disposed at the landfill has nearly tripled over the years, reaching to a fooling value of about 1,200 tonnes.The percentage of incoming wastes is summarized belowThe field capacity of the landfill was already attained and currently there is an extension of works on existing cells. The site is comprised of six cells and actually the fifth one is in use.Prior to disposal at the landfill, the wastes are compacted at transfer stations. The wastes are dumped from a tipping point and soon, they are spread over existing wastes by nitty-gritty of speci alized vehicles. At the end of the day, a cover is placed to reduce the amount of windblown debris.Both clayey and geosynthetic liners were used on the site. The amount of leachate being carted away for the period of January 2007 December 2007 is 110 858 m3. Actually, no leachate treatment is being carried out. Among the landfill gases produced methane is the most dangerous and it is dealt with in a controlled environment. The gas is being unruffled by means of pipelines and subsequently flared.LeachateThe definition fit to EPA is as followsWater that collects contaminants as it trickles by means of wastes, pesticides or fertilizers. Leaching may occur in farming areas, feedlots, and landfills, and may result in savage substances entering surface water, ground water, or soil.Leachate dirty dog be depict as a super contaminated liquid, containing a considerable amount of dissolved and hang solids that has percolated down through wastes. The leachate quality varies throughout the working(a) vivification of a landfill and long after(prenominal) its closure. There are terce broad and overlapping grades of waste decomposition, in which chemical and biological processes give rise to both landfill gas and leachate during and beyond the active life of the site (Carville et al.).Phase 1 Oxygen present in the wastes is rapidly consumed by aerobic decomposition. This phase has duration of less than one month and is ordinarily relatively unimportant in terms of leachate quality. This phase is exothermic and high temperatures may be produced. If some of this heat is retained, then as a result of that the rate of the upcoming phases is increased.Phase 2 Anaerobic digestion is comprised of the pas conviction four phasesHydrolysis A chemical re sue where thumping polymers are born-again to simple monomers.Acidogenesis A biological answerion where the monomers are converted to volatile fatty acids.Acetogenesis A biological reaction where the fatty acids ar e converted into hydrogen, blow dioxide and acetic acid.Methanogenesis The acetic acid is converted into acetates. Hydrogen is used up to convert the acetates into methane and carbon dioxide.Anaerobic and facultative microorganisms hydrolyze cellulose and other perishable materials such as complex carbohydrates, fats and proteins to soluble fundamental compounds. These hydrolysis products are then fermented during acidogenesis to various intermediates such as volatile fatty acids and alcohols. Finally, these intermediates are converted during acetogenesis to acetic acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The high content of putrescible material in the waste may sustain acidogenic conditions for sort of some time and raise a rich feed stock for methanogens subsequently. Leachate from this acidic phase typically contains a high niggardliness of free fatty acids. It therefore has low pH of 5 or 6, and will dissolve other components of the wastes, such as the alkaline earths and heavy metals, which give notice be mobilized in the leachate, possibly as fatty acid complexes. The leachate also contains high tightfistednesss of ammoniacal atomic number 7 and has both a high organic carbon parsimony and a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).Phase 3 Conditions wrench more anaerobiotic as waste degradation proceeds and methanogenic bacteria gradually become established. These start to consume the simple organic compounds, producing a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane that is released as landfill gas. The carbon dioxide tends to dissolve producing the genuinely high bicarbonate concentrations typical of Phase 3 leachates. The rate at which this phase becomes established is controlled by a number of factors, including the content of readily putrescible waste. Since the majority of the organic compounds are high molecular weight humic and fulvic acids, the leachates are characterized by relatively low BOD values. Ammoniacal north continues to be released by areas of the waste where phase 2 is continuing and chiefly remains at high concentrations in the leachate. Falling redox voltage immobilizes many metals as sulphides in the waste.(Source www.wikipedia.com/leachate)Typical leachate effluentLeachate is usually termed as a high strength effluent. The polluting liquid has a high concentration of contaminants and varies throughout the landfill age as shown in the table below.From the above table, it observe that leachates are normally alkaline having a pH of 6.0-8.4. The average catch value is found to be 5000 mg/l and the ammoniacal nitrogen remains in spite of appearance a similar range 900-3000 mg/L for all most of the sites.As it has been portrayed, the leachate does not meet the requirements for discharge any in sewers or surface water (see Appendix C) and this clearly indicates a need for treatment.CHAPTER 3Treatment OptionsOverviewMost landfills operate their own onsite leachate pretreatment and treatment facilities. Three types of treatment are possible physical, chemical and biological. Usually they are used in conjunction with one another.The constituents of leachate and availability of resources determine the treatment method to be adopted. Therefore, it should be efficient, flexible and an economical option.The leachate quality is highly dependent on the waste materials being disposed and the stage of their anaerobic decomposition. Hence, there is a variation in the constituents concentration.It has been observed that throughout the life cycle of a landfill, the ammonia nitrogen concentration remains very high. Amongst several usual parameters, ammonia nitrogen is a key one as it influences the selection and the design of the treating system.Physical TreatmentAmmonia strippingAmmonia can be withd stark naked by the air stripping technique which consists of blowing air through the wastewater. The method is based on the chase equationThe above equation is highly dependent on the pH so that an exchang e of ionic forms can take place. The equilibrium eternal for this reaction is 10-9.25 at 18 C (Sorensen, 1993).pH = 9.25 + log NH3 / NH4+From the above equation a pH great than 10 is needed for evacuant the ammonia gas. At normal temperature only 2% of the gas is liberate and therefore the wastewater should be heated to increase the efficiency of the treatment process.In achieving relatively low effluent values of ammoniacal-N (e.g. Reverse OsmosisThe process consists of applying a pressure to the wastewater, i.e. the leachate, which passes through a semi permeable membrane. The water molecules present in the wastewater will pass the membrane forming the disperse and the contaminants remaining are the concentrate.The main advantage of using such a system is the removal of non-biodegradable compounds such as residual apply, heavy metals and chloride ions in concert with other large molecules present in leachate.The concentrate produced is a major issue as it is highly toxic to t he environment. It is usually recirculated in the landfill or disposed off-site for storage.The removal rate of the contaminants is usually greater than 99.6 %. The whole caboodle is usually operated in more than one stage and occupies less space when compared to other treating systems. The process is currently in use in several countries such as France, Germany and Holland (IPCC, 2007). worked up Carbon AdsorptionActivated carbon is used as an adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds. It is used in one of the undermentioned forms, powder and gamey. Due to the high cost of trip carbon, it is normally utilized for polishing after biological treatment. With an optimum venereal disease and commensurate contact time, a considerable decrease in COD and BOD concentration can be achieved by this method.In the powdered form, the carbon is meant for single use and it loses its adsorption capacity and therefore cannot be reactivated. The mixed liquor moldiness then be treated to remove the PAC, by subsequent processes, such as coagulation, flocculation, or filtration.In the granular form, the carbon can be used again but must be removed which requires specialized equipment (IPCC, 2007). biologic Treatment ProcessesThe treatment process is comprised of growing and reproducing microorganisms in a controlled environment to stabilize organic matter. There are two forms of growth process attached and hang. In suspended growth treatment systems, microorganisms are maintained in suspension within the wastewater whereas in the attached growth process, the biomass grows and is retained on a medium.Attached Growth ProcessesPercolating filtersRotating biological Contactors (RBC)Suspended Growth Processes expose lagoonsActivated max Process (ASP)Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)Combined treatment with home(prenominal) wastewater (co treatment)Percolating FiltersIt is an aerobic biological treatment system. sewer water mensess over a fixed and inert medium to which biofilms are attached and trickles down under gravity. The medium may be made up of different materials such as plastics and gravels and the depth of the filter is normally 2-4 m. The effluent is passed through a clarifier to remove biological solids.The percolating filter has many disadvantages concerning the treatment of landfill leachate. The system is efficient mostly for the treatment of low strength leachate. A recurrent problem is the clogging of the filter media and vulnerability to shock-term load (IPCC, 2007).Rotating Biological ContactorsThe process consists of large diameter steel or corrugated plastic media centered slightly a horizontal shaft, usually placed in a cover tank. The media is slowly rotated (mechanical or air drive). At any accustomed time during the rotation, about 40% of the media surface area is in the wastewater. Organisms in the wastewater are attached and, multiply on the rotating media until they form a thin layer of biomass.RBC is most effective for treating methanogenic than acetogenic leachates and for concentrations of ammoniacal-N below 500mg/l. The rotating biological contactor may have operational problems, since high concentrations of degradable COD can result in excessive sludge growth, and clogging of interstices within rotors (IPCC, 2007).Aerated LagoonsAerated lagoons are operated by a combination of aerobic and anaerobic processes. The take down part of the lagoon converts the settled solids and sludge into carbon and methane by the action of anaerobic decomposition. The upper part is usually aerated, surface aeration or by algae present, to oxidize compounds from the anaerobic zone.Effluent is withdrawn from the upper zone, mostly over an overflow arrangement. For discharge into surface waters, a secondary colonization lagoon or reed bed filtration system is needed for wastewater polishing.The constraints of the system are as such it requires large space and is quite sensitive to temperature changes. There i s the possibility of odurs emanating from the lagoon. The main concern is the inability to provide consistent and reliable design in order to meet the discharge limits.Activated Sludge ProcessIt is the most widely used aerobic biological process for treatment of domestic wastewater. It operates on the basis of a continuous inflow of wastewater. The latter is completely mixed and aerated for genuine period of time, giving rise to mixed liquor. For nitrification to occur the sludge age must be greater than 8 days, so that the nitrifying bacteria can grow sufficiently large in numbers to exert an oxygen demand. The mixed liquor is allowed to settle in the clarifier and the biomass is returned to the aeration tank. The clarified effluent is swarmed for disposal or tertiary treatment. The ASP is a continuous process and leachate cannot be treated directly, it requires dilution due to ammonia toxicity.Sequencing Batch ReactorThe reactor is a slight modification of the ASP. It operates on a fill-and-draw basis using the suspended growth process. The SBR utilizes a single tank which accommodates aerobic biological treatment, flow equalization, settlement of solids, effluent clarification and decanting. and then, it is usually described as operational in time rather than space when compared to conventional ASP.The reactor consists and operates under the following cyclesFill During the fill operation, volume and substrate (raw wastewater or primary effluent) are added to the reactor. The fill process typically allows the liquid take aim in the reactor to rise from 75% of capacity (at the end of light period) to 100%. During fill, the reactor may be mixed only or mixed and aerated to promote biological reactions with the effluent wastewater.React During the react period, the biomass consumes the substrate under controlled environmental conditions.Settle Solids are allowed to separate from the liquid under quiescent conditions, resulting in a clarified supernatant that can be discharged as effluent.Decant Clarified effluent is removed during the decant period. Many types of decanting mechanisms can be used, with the most popular being floating or adjustable weirs.Idle An gaga period is used in a multitank system to provide time for one reactor to complete its fill phase before switching to another unit. Because idle phase is not a demand phase, it is sometimes omitted.Advantages of the systemIt requires small space as a common tank is used for the various unit processes.Flexibility in operating the reactor.The reaction time can be controlled and settling can be achieved under quiescent conditions.There the elimination of the return sludge pumping when compared to the ASP.Disadvantages of the systemA higher aim of sophistication is ask (compared to conventional systems), especially for larger systems, of timing units and controls. possible of discharging floating or settled sludge during the draw or decant phase with some SBR configuration s.Combined Treatment with Domestic sewer waterIt is a combined method for treating domestic wastewater and landfill leachate. Both wastewater and leachate can be treated at suitable mixing ratios (Aktas, 2001). Domestic wastewater can provide phosphate while leachate can provide nitrogen based nutrients, thus compensating for nutrients deficiency. Hence, nutrients need not to be supplied.Leachates from older landfills have a lower BOD/COD value and a smaller biodegradable organic fraction. There may not be sufficient COD to support denitrification of nitrate, a supplementary source of organic carbon is required to ensure adequate denitrification. Synthetic chemicals, such as wood alcohol or acetic acid, are effective but quite expensive. It is inevitable to find an alternative cost effective source of easily biodegradable carbon (Zhang, 2005).The mixing ratios are determined or else there will be nitrification inhibition by the presence of excess free ammonia. field of study stud ies for biological treatment of landfill leachateThe Buckden Landfill Site has been operational since 1994 and has been successful in treating landfill leachate for more than 10 years. The landfill site uses twin sequencing batch reactors, each designed for treating up to 100 m3/day. The effluent is then treated by means of reed bed and an ozonation do for wastewater polishing and removal of pesticides.The plant has a design loading rate of 0.02 0.040 kg N/kg MLVSS. The plant has been successful in removing ammonia nitrogen from 331 mg/L to 0.27 mg/L. Only the COD value has not met the discharge limits (The main tally costs are due to electricity for aeration and for ozonation. There is also the use of sodium hydroxide for automatic pH control, and of phosphoric acid for planning of phosphorus as a nutrient, which are relatively small costs. some other case is a South-African landfill which receives up to 2000 tonnes of MSW each day. Up to 80 m3/day of leachate are generated, wh ich have to be treated to very high standards. The treatment system is made up of a SBR with final polishing through a reed bed planted with Phragmites. The SBR is highly efficient for ammoniacal nitrogen removal from over 1200 mg/l to less than 1.0 mg/l. COD values are reduced by 60% from raw leachate values of over 2000 mg/l (Robinson et al., 2005).CHAPTER 4MATERIALS AND METHODS4.1. OverviewThis chapter deals with the methodology adopted and is comprised of the following phasesSamplingSample preservationWastewater characterizationLeachateWastewater from SMTPSludgeBiological treatment of landfill leachate using a SBRCo-treatment of landfill leachate with wastewater from SMTPexaminationResults and analysisConclusionsSamplingSampling is done to represent a real population, in this case wastewater, on which tests are performed and the results symbolize the wastewater characteristics. This can be achieved by two methods composite sampling and arrest sampling.A composite sample consis ts of collecting samples at regular interval in time. This will be representative of the average wastewater characteristics.A overtake sample is based upon obtaining a distinct sample regardless to its flow or time of the day.If the wastewater quality is not highly variable, the results obtained from grab sampling will tend to corroborate composite ones. Both methods are used and for this project the grab sampling technique was adopted.Sample preservationSoon after the samples were collected, they were tested and if not possible, they were continue. The latter is crucial step as most of the wastewater constituents have to be kept as are in their original state. They were incubated at 4 C and when necessary pH control was done by adding sulphuric acid. Subsequently, this will ruin all the biological activities.Wastewater CharacterizationThe next step after sampling is characterization, i.e. determining the level of constituents present in the wastewater. As a fact of that, the trea tment method is selected and applied to the polluting material. Each time, when new samples were obtained, they were characterized in compliance with Standard Methods of Testing.For the project, characterization has to be done for these materialsLeachateThe leachates were delivered at the UOM Public wellness Laboratory, on the 23rd October 2007 and 9th January 2008, and were characterized for the main polluting parameters. Then the sample was preserved till the treatment starts.Domestic WastewaterThe domestic wastewater was collected at SMTP. The sample was collected from the primary clarifier after degriting has been done on the following dates 26th February and 3rd March 27, 2008. The samples were immediately characterized and then used.SludgeFor nitrification to take place there should be microorganisms feeding on the organic matter, but leachate does not contain any. Therefore, the returned sludge from SMTP was collected and brought to the UOM Public Health Laboratory. The sludg e was allowed to settle and the supernatant was discarded, the residual left was used for testing. As a result of that the sludge concentration was increased and smaller amount is required for biological treatment. A TSS was carried out and the value obtained was used for calculations. The sludge was also studied under the microscope determining the microorganisms present and their conditions.Biological Treatment of Landfill Leachate using a SBRThe branch option for treating leachate was the biological treatment by making use of a SBR. It was made up of the following phases fill, react, settle and decant. The reactor consisted of sludge, water and leachate with varying composition. Their volumes were calculated such that the ammonia nitrogen concentration is about 50 mg/L in the reactor. The latter was aerated for a period of 24 hours. The main polluting parameters were monitored and accentuating upon the level of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. The system was run for a numb er of cycles and then denitrification phase was operated.Experimental ProcedureA reactor of capacity 20 L was considered with an MLSS concentration of 4000 mg/l. The dissolved oxygen concentration had to be greater than 2 mg/l and this was achieved by the means of air diffusers. The diffusers provided the mixing within the reactor.Immediately after the setting out of the reactor, a grab sample was collected and was tested. These values were set as baseline.After 24 hours of aeration, another sample was collected from the reactor and tests were performed. The captious parameter i.e. ammonia nitrogen was observed and if, the value is not within the discharge limits then it aerated till the expected result is obtained.The biomass required nutrients which provided in the form of Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate.In order for the treatment to take place, we had to cater for alkalinity and this was achieved by the addition of concentrated sodium hydroxide.Thus the nitrification process was be ing monitored until no further treatment.A total of 3 sequential batch reactors were operated.After the operation of the third reactor, the denitrification phase was initiated. completely the air diffusers were switched off and acetic acid was added to the reactor.The dissolved oxygen concentration was monitored till it reached the zero value and the nitrate nitrogen concentration was measured.Co-treatment of Landfill Leachate with Wastewater from SMTPThe other alternative is a combined method, treating domestic wastewater and leachate together. The treatment is biological in nature using a SBR with phases fill, react, settle and decant. The treating system consisted of aerating the SBR, composed of sludge, domestic wastewater and leachate, for a period of 24 hours. The volume of leachate was gradually increased until no further treatment was observed. The main parameters were monitored, pose emphasis on the nitrification process. The values were recorded and analyzed.Experimental Procedure little reactors of capacity 5 L each were considered with an MLSS concentration of 1500 mg/l.The first SBR was made up of 100% DWW and sludge only, the second one 95% DWW, 5% leachate and sludge, the third one 90% DWW, 10% leachate and sludge and so on. An example is being shown below.The dissolved oxygen concentration was kept greater than 2 mg/l by the use of air diffusers which also provided the mixing within the reactor.Immediately after the setting out of the reactor, a grab sample was collected and was tested. These values were set as baseline.After 24 hours of aeration, another sample was collected from the reactor and tests were performed.

Tennis Ball Investigation :: Papers

tennis Ball Investigation Aim Investigate the factors that affect the take form of a tennis earth. Key factors (variables) 1) Height of drop 2) Surface of reflect 3) gravitational pull 4) Room temperature/ ballock temperature 5) Weight of ball 6) Material of ball 7) Brand of ball 8) Age/wear of ball 9) Size of ball 10) Force of drop/push How the key factors will affect the bounce 1) The high(prenominal)(prenominal) the drop the higher the bounce 2) The harder the surface the higher the bounce 3) The weaker the gravitational hurl the higher the bounce 4) The warmer the ball the higher the bounce 5) The lighter the ball the higher the bounce 6) Discontinual-unknown 7) Discontinual-unknown 8) The newer the ball the higher the bounce 9) The smaller the ball the higher the bounce 10) The to a greater extent force put into the drop/push the higher the bounce I brook chosen to investigate 1) Height of drop. Prediction ========== IMAGE I believe that the higher the height the ball is dropped from the higher the bounce, because when the ball is raise the higher it is raise the more cleverness is needed to lift it. Therefore more dexterity is converted from chemical potential zippo in the body, to kinetic nix when the ball is being lifted, to gravitational potential energy (G.P.E) when the ball has been lifted to the height of the drop. The more G.P.E the ball has a the start of the drop (point A), the more energy is converted to kinetic energy while the ball is move and then to elastic potential energy (E.P.E) while it is static on the floor (point B). At this point the ball looses a percentage of its energy to sound and heating the floor. I know that it is a percentage of its energy that it looses rather than a fixed amount because I know that the more energy the ball has the louder the

Equality: Free at Last! Essay -- essays research papers

The good neighbor looks beyond the external accidents and discerns those inner qualities that affect all men human, and, therefore, brothers. Dr. Martin Luther queen regnant jr. once preached this to his congregation at Ebenezer Baptist Church. I found this to be uncoiled on a moorage I took to the Deep South with a group I am in called Operation Understanding Hampton Roads. OUHR promotes the interaction between Jewish and African American students in order to take on about each others cultures. In the Deep South, my OUHR group visited several cities which were earthshaking to the civil rights movement, such as Selma, Montgomery, Birmingham, and Atlanta. Since I have grown up in a racially tolerant house, I felt I had nothing to gain from the miscue besides an enjoyably week with my fresh OUHR friends. Much to my surprise, it was in these cities where I learned the true meaning of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s words. It is cardinal to be a participant in life rather than a b ystander held fast by prejudice and convention. The city that changed my perspective the most was Birmingham, Alabama. Our trip guide showed me the light. We arrived in Birmingham in the burbly rain and stopped in front of an old church on 16th street. Suddenly, a really warm and hearty womans voice rang over the vocalizer in the bus Aight boos, errybody best get rack up this bus befo I start crackin em This was my first glimpse of Joanne Bland. She lined my group up on the stairs to what we soo... Equality Free at Last Essay -- essays research papers The good neighbor looks beyond the external accidents and discerns those inner qualities that make all men human, and, therefore, brothers. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. once preached this to his congregation at Ebenezer Baptist Church. I found this to be true on a trip I took to the Deep South with a group I am in called Operation Understanding Hampton Roads. OUHR promotes the interaction between Jewish and African American students in order to learn about each others cultures. In the Deep South, my OUHR group visited several cities which were significant to the civil rights movement, such as Selma, Montgomery, Birmingham, and Atlanta. Since I have grown up in a racially tolerant house, I felt I had nothing to gain from the trip besides an enjoyably week with my new OUHR friends. Much to my surprise, it was in these cities where I learned the true meaning of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s words. It is important to be a participant in life rather than a bystander held fast by prejudice and convention. The city that changed my perspective the most was Birmingham, Alabama. Our tour guide showed me the light. We arrived in Birmingham in the pouring rain and stopped in front of an old church on 16th street. Suddenly, a very warm and hearty womans voice rang over the speaker in the bus Aight boos, errybody best get off this bus befo I start crackin em This was my first glimpse of Joanne Bland. She line d my group up on the stairs to what we soo...

Woodstock :: History

Dickens said it first It was the best of times, it was the surpass of times. Its a amalgam that will never be reproduced again, said Burt Feldman, a Bethel town historian.That weekend, there were liars, lovers, prophets and profiteers. They all made love, money, and a little history. Over all, the bash cost more than 2.4 million dollars. four-spot different people sponsored it. There was John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, Artie Kornfeld and Michael Lang. The oldest was only 26, and the youngest man cosmos only 23. All four of the guys didnt agree on much, groundwork they did agree on a slogan, Three Days of Peace and Music. They forecast that the peace would help promote the anti-war act and they figured it might withal decrease violence. The Dove on the Guitar was originally a catbird perched on a flute. But, be example of the Peace slogan and mostly rock-n-roll music called for the dove on the guitar.They designed about 50,000 people, even though, they said that there was a misad venture that 100,000 to even 150,000 people may be attending. The amplifiers, at their lowest setting, would cause pain to anyone standing within a ten foot radius of the speakers. Friday through Monday, everyone who had been there had a time that they would never forget, had it have been good, or had it have been bad. There were three deaths through out the entire weekend. unitary of the deaths was caused by a tractor accident, and the other two were both drug overdoses.

Horse Dealer Daughter mythology :: essays research papers fc

Cosmological Life Cycles In The Horse-Dealers young womanCosmological myths serve the purpose of explaining existence, particularly to less scientifically advance(a) cultures. These myths, or stories, were created as a way of dealing with the questions regarding the universe which could non be answered concretely. Cosmic myths include creation myths, fill myths, apocalyptic myths, and futurity myths. Examples of all of these aspects of the cosmological breeding cycle are present in D.H. Lawrences The Horse-Dealers Daughter.Creation myths, cosmogonies, explain the beginnings of the universe. The book of Genesis, the Hebrew story of creation, itemizes of a supreme being who brings light unto the darkness, moves the waters from the land, and gives life (Leeming, 24-25). Mabel, the main character in The Odor of Chrysanthemums, finally begins to live her have got life after being rescued from dark, murky water by a man who can give her everything she needs (Lawrence, 9-10).Flood myths attend to explain events which cannot be controlled, such as natural disasters. The Hebrew binge myth tells of a man named Noah, who is selected, along with his family, to survive an epic flood. The flood must occur to cleanse the world of its impurities (Leeming, 47-53). The flood in Mabels own life involves the many things she loses her mother, her familys money, her idea of the future. However, these losses abandon her to become a stronger person, to move away from merely being a daughter or a sister and become Mabel (Lawrence, 1-15).Apocalyptic myths tell of the end of the world. The Norse myth Ragnarok ends with the Gods dying, and new gods stepping in to take their places (85-88). In The Horse-Traders Daughter, Mabel loses her mother, her creator. The doctor who saves her from drowning then takes on the important map of having given her renewed life, filling that void for Mabel (Lawrence, 1-15).Afterlife myths explain what becomes of the somebody after the body dies , as humans have a problem accepting the possibility that the soul becomes nothing.

Go Ask Alice :: alice

Long Hard Road of Adolescence Reading through the novel, Go subscribe to Alice, finding out all of the unbelievable, yet true, experiences and feelings of Alice is quite shocking. No subject how shocking they may seem, you can very easily relate those experiences and feelings to those of a typical day-in and day-out teenager. Those characteristics being loneliness, a generation gap, and defiance. At the beginning of the novel, Alice finds herself to be very lonely. As like new(prenominal) teenagers, she goes through m all stimulated states that may lead to dieting, starving oneself, or binge eating. at that place are also finding such things as getting into inform or club activities, possibly getting a job. Those few things would be the most reasonable approaches to resolving the problem and will keep teens from mentation lonely and depressing thoughts. Although what is unfortunate is that Alice, along with a throne of other teenagers, turn to medicines and alcohol as an esc ape. Once they start doing the drugs, the drugs replace those worst feelings.The generation gap is another good characteristic seen in the novel. When Alice and her family moved, she started to win over her appearance in ways her parents didnt like and they were also upturned because of this change in Alice. She starts to dress like a hippie, wearing moccasins and attire with fringe. She also starts to iron her hair flat instead of wearing it with a flip. With her parents nagging at her about her change in appearance make her want to breakdown. All the feelings bottle up inside of Alice, which leads to more drug use. The situation that Alice went through is a typical situation between any other teenager and their parents. Many times throughout the novel, Alice pretty more than does what she wants, when she wants no matter what. Such as when Chris and Alice go to San Francisco. They are in total control of themselves, Alice never likes when her parents try and tell her somethin g. A lot like teenagers today go against their parents will. Alice was always welcomed home whenever she wanted to go back.

Woody Guthrie Essay -- Biography Biographies

treelike GuthrieWoody Guthrie, born Woodrow Wilson Guthrie, was bornin Okemah, Oklahoma in 1912. When he was 16 he began totravel around the United States (Feather 428). He had a not bad(p) love for music and soon began writing his own songsabout the enormous Depression and the treatment of the migrantworkers, who were forced to move west because of the bodyBowl. His music greatly influenced many people across thecountry. However, Woody neer let the fame go to his head. When Woody Guthrie was singing hillbillysongs on a little Los Angeles radio station in the late1930s, he use to mail out a sm wholly mimeographedsongbook to listeners who wanted the words to hissongs, On the bottom page appeared the followingThis song is Copyrighted in U.S., down the stairs Seal ofCopyright 154085, for a period of 28 years, andanybody caught singin it without our permission,will be mighty good friends of ourn, cause we dontgive a dern. Publish it. Write it. Sing it. Swing toit. Yodel it. We wrot e it, thats all we wanted todo.(qtd. Pete Seegerwww.geocities.com/Nashville/ 3448/guthrie.html)Woody was very passionate about his causes. He felt verystrongly about the mistreatment of the migrant workers,probably because he was himself an Okie. His worksserved as inspiration for musicians like Bob Dylan and Pete Reeves 2 Seeger and not to mention countless, less-famous others(www.geocities.com/Nashville3448 guthrie.html) ...

The Definition of Education :: Education Educating School Teaching Essays

The commentary of EducationEducation what is it? It is defined as 1. The act or subroutine ofeducating or being ameliorate. 2. The knowledge or skill obtained or highly-developed bya learning process. 3. A program of instruction of a specified kind or level. 4.The field of study that is concerned with the instruction of teaching and learning,according to the American Heritage dictionary. Its etymology comes from theLatin word educatio which office to bring up1 But what does that tell us. Itsays to me that education is prepargondness not learning.Education trains the youth into what society deems as a creativemember. We are not educated to seek out what our interests are . We areeducated so we can produce things. The age of art and philosophers is stillborn dueto our age of so called education. We are being molded into lot who cannot think for ourselves. An example of this would be the giant American WarMachine. The government says we need all these weapons to protect Americ a.They do not say who we need protection from. In fact there authentically is no one weneed to be protected from. The Soviet centre is no more and the rest of theworld is already years tin in technology. Then why do we cut down billions ofour dollars on weapons. We spend in order to line the pockets of weaponmanufactures.If we thought for ourselves then we would sop up that the people inpower do not pay us teeming or that they are doing underhanded illegaltransactions. If we thought for ourselves that would cut into their realise andwe all know that can not happen. The Savings and Loans Scandal is a perfectexample of this. Big business made a demerit and then instead of dealing withit they pawned there massive losses on the American public.Education is a farce, a cruel joke that the multitude in power attempt totrick us into believing is the be all and save all for success. We are notbeing educated instead we are being conditioned to serve with the prize beingthe scraps off the table of those who have the power.Where does it say education is to ripe simply learn? It is statednowhere. Education should be about seemly enlightened to the works of theworld. I am not saying seemly a lawyer or a business person is molest orinimical. What I am saying is being a mechanic or philosopher is just asadvantageous. In fact art and doctrine should be made standard issue in

My Community Service Experience :: Volunteer Work, Service Learning

I father found that among its other benefits, giving liberates the soul of the turn inr.-- Maya AngelouThis year, I had the opportunity to go by back to the residential area in many ways. I volunteered at help Hands, Meals on Wheels, and the county Science Museum. These volunteering experiences further opened my eyes to the needs of my community and the many opportunities to serve by volunteering. Helping Hands has helped my family in the past. several(prenominal) years ago my family was struggling with income and Helping Hands was generous overflowing to help us pay our electric bill. I chose to volunteer at Helping Hands because I wanted to give back to the program. At the time, it seemed like there was little value in sorting hemorrhoid of toys but then the manager shared with me that many children would be very happy to receive these toys for Christmas. This one comment helped me to put it all into perspective. Volunteering isnt about me it is about playing an active in th e community. Bringing joyfulness to families who are suffering, giving hope to the hopeless.I also had the privilege of lot with the Meals on Wheels non profit organization. My grandfather used to be a Meals on Wheels recipient and he would share with me how he enjoyed looking forward to their connection and a hot meal daily. I volunteered because I wanted to give back and help someone elses loved one in the same way. It was very rewarding delivering hot meals to people who didnt suck in the means of getting one as well as be there for them to talk to. Overall, it was a very humbling experience, it made me wipe out care just how blessed I am and how much I take for granted daily. At the Science Museum I helped take inventory as well as help prepare for community services much(prenominal) as the Science Nights and Boy Scout and puppylike lady Scout camp-ins. When I was young, I personally had the opportunity to participate in one of the Girl Scout camp-ins they hosted. I re member how the volunteers worked hard cooking our breakfast and luck with the activities. It was very rewarding to be on the giving end sort of of the receiving end. The Science Nights, which are free to the public, are a good outreach to the young students in the community. These nights are a way of making education sportswoman and exciting for the children.

dress code Essay -- essays research papers

I disagree with the school day act code because it doesnt allow peck to express themselves, people cant dress for the brave, and it doesnt let people choose how they want to look because its supposedly a distraction. The dress code is "The bottom of your shirt must at least(prenominal) meet the top of your pants or shorts, and undergarments should not be exposed. in that respect must be a substantial covering over both(prenominal) shoulders. See-through clothing or clothing that is so very average that it draws attention to oneself are also unacceptable. Shorts/skirts must have at least a 4" inseam."     The dress code doesnt allow people to express themselves through what they wear. What people wear is what makes them different from everybody else. Most girls desire to wear skimpier clothes that show their shoulders and stomachs, but this rule doesnt let them. skillful because a shirt has profanity, vulgar suggestions, sexual connotations, drugs or alcohol on it, doesnt mean that it shouldnt be worn. People try expressing themselves through the slogans on their clothes. I dont feel anything is wrong with these shirts and Im not offended by them, nor should anybody else be.     Dressing for the weather is really important to do, especially when its extremely hot out and on that point arent air conditioners in the school that work properly. When its hot people dont like to wear a lot of clothes. Seeing the shoulders of guys and girls in school...

Cyber Culture: The Future of Print Essay -- Technology Literature Essa

When we think of technology, what often comes to mind argon televisions, communications devices such as cell phones and satellites, computers, and different modes of transportation. However, there are early(a) ways in which technology is applied, one of those being the Internet and its diverse components including email, chat rooms, and search engines. The list of uses for the Internet is innumerable and many corporations and universities are forcing people to make use of it. But no matter how oftentimes this new technology is forced on us, people are salvage resistant to it. As George Landow, Professor of English and Art History at Brown University, states, Technology, in the lexicon of many humanists, generally mover only that technology of which I am frightened (Landow 218). Such resistance is unfortunate because the generation of online technology is here. Whether we get to accepted it or not we are twenty minutes into the future day (Landow 214). Books are no continuing the sole resource for information multitude and communicating. A whole new system for conveying information has interpreted place. In many ways, we pay off, for better or worse, already moved beyond the book. Even on the crudest, most materialist standard involving financial returns, we no longer find it at the center of our polish as the primary means of recording and disseminating information and entertainment (Landow 215). Cyber culture, peculiarly Internet phenomenons such as online journals and email, have enhanced the way we work with writing and changed the way we write. For instance, references such as online journals and magazines have facilitated researchers in numerous ways. EMUs online database alone contains a program library of information on topics ranging from busines... ...w technology called cyber culture, Landow makes a very good insinuate when he says digital technology may be new, but technology, particularly information technology, has permeated all kno wn culture since the beginnings of human history (218). Cyber culture is here to stay and can be very effective in communication, research, and writing the challenge now, is to close the generational gap between those who have embraced cyber culture and those who still resist it. Works CitedLandow, George. Twenty Minutes into the Future, or How Are We Moving Beyond the Book? Writing Material Readings from Plato to the Digital Age. Comp. Evelyn B. Tribble & Anne Trubek. New York Longman, 2003. 214-226. Lesser, Wendy. The Conversation. Writing Material Readings from Plato to the Digital Age. Comp. Evelyn B. Tribble & Anne Trubek. New York Longman, 2003. 227-223.

The accident Essay -- essays research papers

The Accident      altogether(prenominal) once and awhile Ill look back on my life and Ill laugh. oddly at the times I spent with my best friend Nate and e genuinely the mischief we caused. I look back now and I mobilize what the HELL were we doing? How did we non die? Have you ever sat reduce and had a conversation with a male teen between the ages of 14-17? I shouldve been locked away for that period of my life, I swear I was temporarily insane. I had NO concept of "consequences" or "repercussions". I did whatever, whenever. Unfortunately this little sheaf of immaturity also came with other misleading thoughts much(prenominal) as a sense of invincibility, a total disregard for any authority, and taking pretty much EVERYTHING in my life for granted. Whats also unfortunate, is that I had to learn all of these life lessons the hard way, and in one horrible night when I was estimable sixteen and a half course of instructions nonagenarian.      As I said, Nate and I are best friends, a little out of equalize now, but best friends nonetheless. I guess it was the fact that we were both rebelling against the environment we were slowly growing up in that it made us so much a equivalent. In a town where white-pride isnt just common, more like a way of life, we were just a couple of 12 year old kids looking for an escape. Whats strange about growing up in a small town is that it encourages a sense of self-value, independence, and creativity which spate be lost in large towns or cities. I mean, if youre not doing something creative in our town, what the hell else would you be doing? So, Nate and I developed a VERY similar sense of sense of humor. A dry sense of humor that I assume no one else really appreciated because we didnt capture all that many other friends.      We entered middle school with hopes of new experiences and locution-off new interesting hoi polloi. This was w hen I met Jeff, my other life-long-hetero friend. Jeff and I played field hockey together when we were eight. He quit, and I hadnt seen him since. Once I introduced him to Nate, we all became very close friends.     Finally the day came that every 16 year old dreams about. Jeff and I got our licenses. We were both a little older than most people in our graduating class, so we were a couple of the lucky kids. And on illuminate of that, we both had very nice cars. Mine a ... ... at Nate, he was clutching his chest from a deep cut he got from the seat belt, I was almost too ashamed to look directly at him, his face covered in blood. He looked at me and said Im sorry, I shouldnt have egged you on, Im sorry. originally I could respond Jeff interjected, Nah, I shouldnt have taken you guys agglomerate here, this was a stupid idea, Im an idiot. Im just so glad you guys arent dead. I couldnt believe this, I screwed up, almost killing one of my best friends and here t hey were trying to sword excuses for MY mistake. The car was totaled, we drove through a fence, hit a steer and then a mound of dirt which was what tossed the car on its side. The backseat had collapsed, everything in the trunk was now in the front of the car. Most of it hitting Nate on the way there. We stood there. Quiet. In shock from all the life lessons we had just erudite in about 5 seconds. You could almost feel the childhood shimmy away. It was then that I realized how lucky I was to have such great friends, and how precious life really is, and how it can be altered, permanently, so quickly. Ill think about this night every once in awhile. It reminds me how happy I should be to still be alive.