Environmental Laws of Bangladesh

The current issue and full text edition archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/0959-6119. htm IJCHM 18,4 Hotels purlieual heed transcriptions (ISO 14001) yeasty ? nancing strategy Wilco W. Chan and Kenny Ho School of Hotel and Tourism Management, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Abstract end environmental touch ons declare been increasing in the jaunt assiduity. However, or so hotels ar unwilling to wax an international environmental oversight arranging (EMS) in tot every last(predicate)y probability due to a lack of alternatives and knowledge.In order to encourage more organizations to seize on part in the EMS, trey sheaths adopting international EMS are investigated to ascertain the ship rumpal to jut the formation of EMS. rig on their m nearly other, hoteliers are encouraged to ag conclave up with super acid members to fall in for investigate funding for the investigation and carrying pop out of EMS . Also, readiness performance promise methods to ? nance environmental service projects in hotels were alike discussed.Design/methodology/ nuzzle A single wooing battlefield approach was adoptive to illustrate the differences in the resources mobilization for background signal EMS in these terzetto hotels. A search of docudrama evidence and interviews with hotel stave was the primary(prenominal) instrument for data collection. Findings The heaven Hotel use its own resources to set up its EMS and strategically used its developed temp modern for separate hotels in the conclave to follow. The other two hotels, Nikko and peremptorystanford, adopted a creative and non-balance sheet approach to mobilize resources for the formation of EMS.Both hotels have recourse to away resources including a universitys engineering part, hotel caution school, green bodies, political science property and pile consumes to develop and implement the EMS. The study further identi? ed efficiency performance spotting as a nonher promising ? nancing tool for the performance of the heartiness-related part of the EMS. inquiry limitations/implications The representative and general nature of the ? ndings are limited to large hotels in metropolitan areas, as the tether case hotels are located in the metropolis of Hong Kong.Practical implications The ? ndings provide informative details on how to honorable outer resources to set up internationally accept environmental focus dodgings and the in force(p) way for hotel operators to trial use energy-saving facilities. Originality/value This study provides indications and details on some creative ? nancing techniques for setting up EMS in hotels. These ? nancial strategies are the ? rst of their soma in print and disregard serve as a profitable reference for hotels to develop international EMS. Keywords environmental vigilance, Hotels, Financing Paper example Case study 302International Journal of Contempo rary Hospitality Management Vol. 18 No. 4, 2006 pp. 302-316 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0959-6119 DOI 10. 1108/09596110610665311 Introduction umteen feats on environmental guard doing in hotels in the nineties were a continuation of some long-standing environmental concerns such as energy embody for the author from Mr Tamiyasu Okawa and Mr Jean-Marie Leclercq, the present general manager and ex-general manager of The Hotel Nikko Hongkong is appreciatively acknowledged. The author would in like manner like to thank The Hong Kong Hotel intimacy for the help in providing valuable knowledge. onservation, sewage discharge, air and noise pollution that occurred over the past tense(a) few decades (Stipanuk, 1996). Coupled with this instruction have been the growing concerns for a green hotel in the eyes of customers. A study indicated that 75 percentage of interviewed customers claimed that they were environmentally-minded consumers and would direct hotels which sho wed concern for the environment (Feiertag, 1994). Also, Cook et al. (1992) pointed out that line of credit in the travel fabrication was required to adapt to new environmental realities and to implement environmental policies and strategies.In 1995, a comprehensive environmental execute checklist and action outgrowth channelise for small and medium-sized hotels was jointly published by international hotel and environmental connexions (International Hotel and restaurant Association, 1995). This publication provided hotels with more detailed information to launch environmental counselling arrangements (EMS). Under these circumstances, EMS, as across the world, has tardily become more recognized in the hotel industry. Almost all hotels have implemented their in-house EMS with varying degrees of intensity.Kirks survey found that the most signi? cant bene? t of environmental direction was the improvement in public image and better human copulationships with the local biotic community (Kirk, 1995). However, some hoteliers with written environmental policies saw the greatest bene? t in ? nancial worry performance. Thus, to implement the EMS, the ? rst step is to have a clear environmental policy, objectives, targets and good planning. To further enhance effectiveness, hoteliers should ever monitor and review the system after the slaying.However, due to resource limitations, mevery hotels environmental efforts pause after they have taken some environmental actions such as implementation of pissing saving campaign, salt awayation of energy-ef? cient lighting, reuse of waste paper and other initiatives. Recent ISO 14000 series provides an effective guideline on the content of EMS, auditing, environmental performance evaluation and so on, as shown in the appendix. Among them, ISO 14001 documents all inhering elements in the EMS as shown in dishearten I. Most importantly, a flourishing EMS requires a lot of resources, including manpower, cost and tim e for planning (Sayre, 1996).The cost arising from the implementation of ISO 14001 hold those associated with initial set-up, maintenance and improvement (Chin et al. , 1998). The cost of initial set-up refers to all costs associated with the provision of hardware and software facilities, plus tools for establishing the system in compliance with the ISO 14000 EMS measurements. Speci? cally this category of cost involves the purchase of monitoring and measuring equipment, authentication processing and storage equipment/accessories, hiring specialist environmental assistance, initial staff training, figurer software as well as staff recruitment.Added to the cost pot is the ? nancing of maintenance and improvements. This category of expenditure refers to the costs of maintaining and continually improving the EMS in the company so that optimum environmental performance can be achieved with the changing environmental conditions and requirements. It in addition includes the costs asso ciated with ongoing staff training, environment equipment replacement and upgrading, periodic environmental auditing and third-party certi? cation and so forth. environmental management systems 303 IJCHM 18,4 1. 2. 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 3. 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 4. 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 5. environmental policy Planning Environmental asp viperects Legal and other requirements Objectives and targets Environmental management political program(s) Implementation and operation Structure and responsibility Training, awareness and competence parley Environmental management system certificate Document control operating(a) control Emergency preparedness and response Checking and corrective action monitor and measurement Non-conformance and corrective and pr eveningtive action Records Environmental management system audit Management review 04 Table I. ISO 14001 environmental management system elementsSource Fredericks and McCallum (1998) In addition, EMS certi? cation costs at least HK$100,000 (about US$13,000) should also be budgeted (Anon, 1996). The cost is paid to the certifying body, which would examine whether the hotel has ful? lled all the necessary conditions of international EMS standard ISO 14001. However, most organizations lack the knowledge, experience and expertise required to develop an EMS and legion(predicate) are ineffectual or unwilling to commit the required staff and ? ancial resources to undertake this development (Chapman, 1997). Earlier studies also found that lodging customers in the US are non willing to pay extra to domiciliate environmental policies (Watkins, 1994 Jaffe, 1993). However, some hotels launched pilot shunnings to encourage guests to contribute to local environmental dodges ( thou, 1995). Though new international EMS standard ISO 14001 certi? cates in Hong Kong have recently been obtained by several hotels, the progress on industry-wide adoption is still slow. The phenomenon is not entirely con? ned to Hong Kong.Pr yce (2001) senior highlighted, according to a Pricewaterhouse Coopers report, that only 40 percent of large hotel sort outs surveyed in Europe had a formal EMS and only iodin was externally veri? ed. Pryce (2001) further quoted the results of a survey of small and medium-sized hotels in three UK countries and pointed out that none of these hotels had implemented a formal EMS. Thus, it is valuable to take in how environmental pioneers in the hotel empyrean, promised land, Nikko and Grandstanford set up their EMS under resource constraints. oddly after the Asian ? ancial crisis, 9/11 event and SARS, the resources available to the hotel sector appear to be less than before. Therefore, the principal objective of the study is to differentiate and analyze the ways that these hotels mobilize resources to establish EMS up to ISO 14001, especially any creative and non-conventional ? nancing (that is neither debt or equity issues, nor borrowing or requesting finances from the hotel ow ners). Methodology The approach adopted in the study is close to action question, using case studies that aim to explore the rich background of the cases.As the goal of this study is to explore the variations in environmental management systems and its associated ? nancing measures, the study adopted a non-traditional case selection criterion. Decisions are based on which case studies provide the most fruitful data for the look question (Doyle, 2003) or provide the most opportunity to learn (Stake, 2000). In addition, the investigating military issue is new and falls into the timing in the betimes stages of the ? eld, studies of undivided cases are particularly suitable (Eisenstadt, 1991).These single cases have been used to snap vivid, powerful and penetrative descriptions of events, relationships, and ways of relieve oneselfing that are not captured by existing theories (Cunningham, 1997 Crane, 1998 Dyer and Wilkins, 1991). To analyze these cases strategically, a descripti ve frame compute consisting of search of documentary evidence and interviews with hotel staff of the hotels examine was developed to organize case studies. The documentation encompasses hotel EMS manual, universitys published reports, fund application documents, periodicals, and hotel reports.The total subject of interviewees is 14 including one owner representative, two general managers, one resident manager, three chief engineers, four green managers or quality assurance managers and three departmental heads assistants. Shangri-la case The island Shangri-la hotel is a ? ve-star hotel located at the top of a large shopping abstruse near Central Hong Kong, and with 565 rooms and seven catering outlets. In kinfolk 1996, it started the process of developing an EMS and soon became the ? rst hotel in Asia to obtain ISO 14001 certi? ation. Its prompt development of EMS up to international standards is based on its existing best do in each department. The EMS brings signi? cant bene? ts paper and competitive edge to the hotel and these bene? ts have always outweighed the cost (Tsai et al. , 2003). In general, the funding sources of most large business are mainly derived from equity and debt issues. For Shangri-las environment management system, it most likely came from internal resources of the group (Tan, 2004).A further investigation of the groups annual reports indicate that, apart from funds originating from regular income, the group issued convertible bonds with the total principal beat of US$258 million with touch at the rate of 2. 875 percent per annum. This implies that ? nancing for environmental works should not just be limited to equity ? nancing, earmark and income fund. Funds available from debt ? nancing can also be considered as an alternative. The in(predicate) ISO 14001 certi? cation in Hong Kongs Island Shangri-la hotel provides a model for the groups other hotels to set up environmental management systems and its certi? ation. An envir onmental management manual was also developed to address the fast and long-term environmental impact of hotel Environmental management systems 305 IJCHM 18,4 306 operations. In addition, an environmental consultant was hired to inspect hotels to ensure not merely that the EMS is being maintained but that continual environmental improvement is achieved by setting new environmental goals (Shangri-la Hotels Group, 2005). Therefore, Shangri-las certi? cation in Hong Kong can be regard as a pilot practice and reusable resource for further development of EMS in the groups other hotels that do not have a proper EMS.Nikkos case Hotel Nikko Hongkong (Nikko) is a member of Nikko Hotels International, with headquarter in Tokyo, Japan. The hotel continues the tradition of Japanese hospitality, which is renowned passim the world. open(a) in April 1988, Hotel Nikko Hongkong is a ? ve-star deluxe hotel in Hong Kong, with 462 rooms. The hotel is located at Tsim Sha Tsui tocopherol overlooking Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong. Environmental protection has always been at the heart of the philosophy of Nikko. Even as early as 1992, the hotel was pushing for environmental improvements by implementing energy and water conservation practices throughout the hotel.As soon as the green practices on water and energy were on track, the hotel started looking for ways to minimize waste production (Hotel Nikko Hongkong, 1999). Over the past socio-economic classs, the management and staff of Nikko have continued through different stages of improvement on the environment. Nikko is the leader in implementing EMS in the Hong Kong hotel industry. The environmental management system (based on the ISO 14001 standard) of Nikko was set up in April 1999 (Hotel Nikko Hongkong, 1999). However, before Nikkos boundary of EMS implementation, Nikko did face many dif? culties and had spent tremendous efforts on environmental protection.Among these, resources and ? nancial support are the main concerns in launching an EMS campaign. Operating budgets whitethorn not allow hoteliers the extravagance of calling in expert consultants to set up the environmental system. While operating budgets were sozzled, Nikko from 1992 sought help from community bodies such as academic institutions and presidency departments (Department of Building function Engineering and Hotel Nikko Hongkong, 1996). league with community bodies Over the past years, Nikko developed a cohesive alliance with outside bodies in implementing its EMS.The collaborating confederates of Nikko are categorized as four typewrites. These include educational establishments, green bodies, governments departments as well as the industry council. Collaboration with community bodies is one way to subordinate costs of seek and enables hotels to acquire funds for ongoing environmental work. portend 1 shows the relationship between Nikko and its partners, plus the contribution of these partners in supporting Nikkos environmen tal endeavors. Nikko has gained support and recognition from partners such as the Hong Kong Hotel Association (HKHA), governmentsIndustry Department (ID), Friends of the farming and other environmentally-friendly enterprises. With the help of those partners, Nikko has successfully solved resource-oriented problems in launching the hotels environmental activities and eventually obtained the ISO 14001 certi? cate. Environmental management systems 307 Figure 1. Relationship in partnership of Hotel Nikko Hongkong Educational establishments The major educational partner of Nikko is the Department of Building serve ups Engineering of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.Table II shows miscellaneous projects or publications conducted by the educational department in improving many aspects of Nikkos EMS. As can be seen from Table II, most of the student-assisted research focused on evaluating the performance of environmental improvement that required a signi? cant resource. The ex-GM sai d that collaboration with universities was a program of mutual bene? ts. On the side of universities, students cogency have on-site working opportunity provided by Nikko whilst professors might use Nikko as a test case. For Nikko, the hotelier might save a huge amount of research costs, as most of the research work is unpaid.Besides, the Universitys School of Hotel and Tourism Management and Hong Kong University of information and Technologys (HKUST) Institute for Environmental Studies also lend their effort in supporting the hotels environmental pursuits. The former assisted in the compilation of the energy and water conservation guide and the IJCHM 18,4 Student research project 1998-2000 308 Publications 1996 and 1998 Table II. Joint projects collaborated by Nikko and the Department of Building go Engineering of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University 1. Indoor air quality study 2.Review of grammatical construction labeling scheme checking compliance with energy ef? ciency codes 3. Parameter setting for boiler and chiller data log calibration of equipment 4. Air ? ow balance and scattering in hotel nourishment and beverage outlets 5. Indoor air quality survey 6. Opportunities for energy ef? cient lighting retro? t 7. Study of power factor and distribution losses 1. Keeping Hong Kongs Hotel Industry Competitive into the Twenty-? rst Century Environmental Management Systems for Hotels. With overall objective helping the Hong Kong hotel industry to be more competitive and pro? able and, at the same time, reduce ominous environmental impacts 2. A Guide to Energy and Water Conservation in Hotels. Aimed to contribute to reduce energy and water consumption in all hotels, contributing to their pro? tability whilst helping to protect the environment for future generations. Based on a number of energy and water conservation projects carried out in hotel buildings in Hong Kong, but particularly the extensive range of projects at Hotel Nikko Hongkong Source Hotel Nikko Hongkong (1999) latter was involved in bidding for a HK$1 million fund (around US$130,000) for developing an EMS template for hotels.As such, the hotels environmental performance and operating ef? ciency would increase. This partnership creates a win-win situation. Environmental-supporting parties Nikko has set up a cohesive partnership with parties endorsing environment conservation. Friends of the Earth Association supports Nikkos efforts in saving energy and improving environmental performance. The parties provided Nikko with the latest environmental information related to the hotel industry and shared their professional ideas or recommendations with Nikko. In this way, Nikko rescue costs in information collection and expert consultancy.Furthermore, the environmental-supporting groups usually slip by recognition to environmental-friendly businesses, including Nikko, with outstanding performance. The award is not merely a open recognition of effort in environment conserv ation, but also adds to their reputation and can become a strong stimulus to push environmental conscious visitors choosing Nikko. Government departments In 1997, Nikko true the Energy Ef? cient Building confront 1997 from the Planning, Environment and Lands Bureau. In 1998, Nikko further joined with other partners and successfully obtained HK$1 million from the Industry Support Fund of the IndustryDepartment for a project empower Keeping Hong Kongs hotel industry competitive into the twenty-? rst century environmental management systems for hotels. The project aimed to develop an EMS template for the local hotel sector. Apart from awards and funds, cohesive linkage with governments and bureaus also enable Nikko to have up-to-date environment-related legislation data more easily, and express its ideas more directly to government of? cials. Industry councils Hotel Nikko plays an active mathematical function in sharing experiences and participating in projects proposed by the lo cal hotel association, the Hong Kong Hotel Association (HKHA).In return, Nikko receives relevant environmental information from other member hotels of the association. The association also assisted Nikko by assigning its Environmental Committee to take up an advisory role in the above-mentioned EMS template development. In addition, the association also helped in translating the Guide to Energy and Water Conservation in Hotels developed by Nikko into Chinese by introducing Zhengzhou Holiday Inn and Zhengzhou Crowne position to aid the translation. Nikkos endeavor and effort was further recognized by international industry councils.In 1995, the International Hotels and Restaurants Association given(p) Nikko the award corporeal Green Hotelier of the Year 1995. The award further identi? es Nikko as a successful leader in the global green hotel movement. Inter-continental Grand Stanford Grand Stanford is a waterfront ? ve-star hotel located in Tsim Sha Tsui East. It has 579 rooms and four food and beverage outlets. The hotel was managed by Holiday Inn in the 1980s and by the owners management company in the 1990s.The resources available to the development of ISO 14001 EMS in Inter-continental Grand Stanford mainly include Nikkos experience, the government funded scheme of hotel environmental system, and universitys assistance (Chan, 2005). Thanks to Nikko generous sharing of ISO 14001 certi? cation experience and the data required for setting up an EMS, Grand Stanfords elder management embarked on the development of EMS under ISO 14001 version in the early 2000s. Besides Nikkos experience, Grand Stanford also bene? ts substantially from the government funded scheme bout the environmental assessment of the hotel buildings. The scheme includes the development of a number of environmental assessment manuals for different phases of hotels project, new building and existing building. In addition, Grand Stanford also acted like Nikko in the past by co-operating with nigh university to conduct a number of measurements for environmental performance indicators. Apart from these external resources, Grand Stanford also progressively employed internal funds to install energy-saving facilities including heat pumps for the hot water system and solar-control ? m for windows.Implications Based on the investigation of these three cases, the study summarized the similarities and differences in their approaches. As shown in Table III, all these hotels have strong partnerships with green bodies and have been involved in sharing experience with trade association, other hotels and government. Two hotels were also found to have strong collaboration with a universitys engineering department and hotel school. The Environmental management systems 309 IJCHM 18,4 Collaborate with universitys 1.Engineering department 2. Hotel school Nikko ? ? ? ? ? Shangri-la Grand Stanford ? ? 310 Partnership with environmental supporting parties Written support to afford 1. Gove rnment fund 2. Private fund Free EMS template sharing experience from 1. Trade association 2. Other hotels 3. Of? cial department Internal reserve or debt issue ? ? ? ? Table III. Similarities and differences in approaches ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? former provides technical expertise and the latter provide operational knowledge in the environmental projects in hotels.In terms of monetary investment, one hotel placed a large amount on formation of EMS while the other purchased a number of energy saving facilities. In fact, the project funds secured by Nikko represent a small part of the funds available in the community. Further research indicated that thither are other sources of funds available for quality environmental projects, as shown in Table IV. However if one wants to successfully secure the funds, a good and meaningful proposal for application of funds is required.This implies an experience proposal writer and a team of related experts is a pre-requisite. Again, this type of c aliber is not easily available in hotels. Thus, collaboration with educational institutes in writing up the proposal may enhance the likelihood of success. Energy performance catching Besides applications for public or mysterious funding for hotels environmental work, energy performance spotting can be considered as another alternative to ? nance environmental improvement.Performance contracting is a unique arrangement where contractors usually assume responsibility for buying and installing the equipment, as well as maintenance throughout the contract. unless when the installed equipment actually reduces expenses does the contractor get paid. This allows the hotel owners to make necessary improvements while investiture very little money up front. Meanwhile, it is also a risk-sharing relationship between the host and the contractor that is sometimes called as the Energy Service Company (ESCO) (Woodruff and Turner, 1998).ESCO is a company that provides both the technical experti se to reduce energy costs and the ? nance for energy ef? ciency investments. In the UK, performance contracting is called contract energy management (The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 1991). In fact, the name is relatively new, but some of the companies in the industry have been in business for over 20 years. Name of environmental fund USa Richard King Mellon stem John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation The church bench Charitable Trusts The Ford Foundation W. K. Kellogg Foundation The Andrew W.Mellon Foundation Environment Wales The Environmental Action Fund The Environmental Know How Fund The Environmental guard Research Program Environmental Conservation Fund and Woo Wheelock Green Fund intent and Technology Fund Innovation and Technology Support Program Innovation and Technology Fund University-Industry Collaboration Program Innovation and Technology Fund General Support Fund Sustainable phylogenesis Fund Competitive Earmarked Research Grant (CE RG) University Internal Fund departmental Research Fund in University National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC)Environmental management systems 311 Europeb Hong Kongc Source a Stein (1993) b Forrester and Casson (1998) c www. itf. gov. hk/Default. asp Table IV. Fund available for quality environmental project concord to Hansen and Weisman (1998), performance contracting is now poised on the threshold of even greater opportunities to work with government, utilities, institutions and commercial establishments. In the mid-late 1990s, performance contracting received more attention in the US.For example, the US federal government has used performance contracting to upgrade facilities, even when budgets were being dramatically cut. In essence, they sold some of their future energy savings to an ESCO (Woodruff and Turner, 1998). In the case of Canada, trade associations urged government to fund the set up of ESCO, as there was little prospect for setting up private sector ? rms in the s hort-term (Association of Energy Engineers, 1998). In Hong Kong, a research report also found that most interviewees considered that performance contracting for energy conservation may be suitable in the future (Chan, 1999).The key elements of applying performance contracting suggested by the interviewees were management commitment, government support, technical and human factors. Conclusions Environmental management systems are well-recognized in the hotel industry across the world. Unfortunately, many hoteliers are unable or unwilling to implement the system due to resources constraints. However, two cases studied unveil that resources for the formation of internationally recognized EMS 14001 can be worn outside the balance sheet (that is equity and liabilities).In the mid-1990s, two professors suggestions that sound environmental management can reduce costs also occurred to IJCHM 18,4 312 Kirk (1995) who subsequently certain the hotel business to start with easy-to-achieve and low cost environmental projects. Moderate and high investment projects can be scheduled later when hoteliers had con? dence in and established bene? ts from earlier environmental actions (Iwanowski and Rushmore, 1994 Kirk, 1995). This approach is particularly suitable to hotels with tight resources or when the hotel sector experiences a business downturn.Nevertheless, hoteliers may learn from successful cases, particularly Nikko, and collaborate with various green partners universities, government, trade associations and green bodies to work on more complex environmental matters. Speci? cally, hotels can team up with these green members to apply for research funding for the investigation and implementation of EMS. This practice, in turn, accelerates the speed of environmental actions. Apart from EMS with ISO certi? cation, Green Globe 21 also offers a certi? cation to travel-related organizations that wished to demonstrate their commitment to environmental improvement.The Green Gl obe program provides travel and tourism companies with a framework for achieving year on year improvement in environmental performance (Rodgers, 2002). The framework contains ? ve sections, including environmental policy, regulative framework, environmental performance EMS as well as requirements for stakeholder consultation and communication. Other-related certi? ed programs may include Australias International Ecotourism Standard, Americas Sustainable Tourism Certi? cation communicate and Europes Voluntary Initiatives for Sustainability in Tourism (Hammond, 2004).Similarly, obtaining these certi? cations also requires a signi? cant amount of resources and effort. The ? nancial tools mainly collaboration between hotel and external parties including universities, governments, trade associations and green bodies ascertained in these case studies can thus be applied when any organization plans to pursue these programs. Other than green certi? cation granted by ISO and Green Globe, the voluntary environment assessment scheme for hotels (Hong Kong Hotels Association, 2000) also receives a considerable amount of technical resources and research expertise.The scheme sets a scoring scheme in two areas. One is to consider actions by the hotels in endeavoring to reduce environmental impacts through more effective management and maintenance practice. The other is to assess the building facilities performance by referring to indoor(prenominal) environmental performance criteria, local codes of good practice and benchmarked energy and water consumption. As such, hotels collaboration with university staff in conducting research and applying for research funds as manifested in the studied cases may provide valuable and enormous assistance to attain a good scoring result.The lesson learnt from these cases reveal that trade associations participation in environmental work cannot be neglected. The association in these cases not merely promoted the green activities by pres enting environmental awards and organizing seminars but for instance also coordinated with enthusiastic hotels by arranging transport to ship all discarded bottles for recycling. Most importantly, the association also assisted in writing endorsement letters to apply for funds for creating a template for hotels to develop EMS according to ISO requirements.Thus, the association thence provides a catalyst function to advance the function of EMS in the industry. plant in these supportive activities are enormous time and resources. On the other hand, the government also played an important role in the industrys green environment, not just by creating environmental funds to assist the business. In fact, the government of? cials have always shared their experience on environmental work with the practitioners. In order to keep update their environmental technology knowledge, the of? ials regularly liaise with manufacturers, professors and their colleagues in the environmental protection d epartment as well as the engineering department. Without their endeavor in environmental improvement, the pace of environmental movement would de? nitely slow down. In the late 1990s, a survey conducted by the United Nations and the International Hotel Association identi? ed a lack of training resource as the major concern when introducing environmental matters in hotel management curricula.The French Ministry of Spatial Planning and Environment together with some hotels have sponsored the production of teaching tools for environmental issues in hospitality curricula (United Nations Environmental Program, 2001). The Hong Kong and French governments funding in these two cases further indicate the importance of government support in pursuit of sustainable tourism by the industry. In fact, besides funding, the government of? cials have always shared their experience on environmental work with practitioners and listen to environmental problems encountered by practitioners. This two-way communication also implies a signi? ant amount of time devoted by both parties. Thus, governments active participation may hasten the pace of environmental change. Other than the above-mentioned stakeholders in the hotel industrys pursuit of sustainable tourism development, green groups are also another major contributor. They practically complement the universitys environmental research, and green groups have also conducted some environmental research which may, to a certain extent, be applicable to the hotel environment. For instance, Friends of the Earth has investigated disappearing timber in tropical rain forests in relation to buildings.